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Approach to Case of Vitreous Haemorrhage: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Management

Understand vitreous humor composition, causes of vitreous haemorrhage, clinical features, patient workup, and management approaches including conservative and surgical options.

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Approach to Case of Vitreous Haemorrhage: Causes, Pathophysiology, and Management

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  1. Approach to a case of vitreous haemorrhageSandeep Saxena MS, FRCSEdProfessorDepartment of OphthalmologyKGMU, Lucknow September 27, 2014

  2. Vitreous Humor Inert , transparent, jelly-like structure Normal volume- 4ml Composed of a network of collagen fibrils interspersed with hyaluronic acid molecules Can be divided into cortex and nucleus Attachments - Vitreous base-strongest adherance about 4mm across the orra serrata -Around margins of optic disc, foveal region, along retinal vessels

  3. Ageing changes- -Dissociation of hyaluronate from collagen fibrils -Pooling of hyaluronate -Fibril degeneration and decreased elasticity -Drainage of hyaluronate into retrovitreal space (posterior vitreous detachment)

  4. Vitreous degeneration - Syneresis -Vitreous liquefaction, fibril aggregation and condensation -Associated with floaters -Caused by myopia, senescence, trauma, inflammation, etc. - Posterior vitreous detachment

  5. Vitreous Haemorrhage • Causes • Proliferative retinopathies- -Diabetes mellitus -Retinal vein occlusion -Retinopathy of prematurity -Eale’s disease • Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment • Posterior vitreous detachment • Trauma • Systemic – Bleeding disorders

  6. Pathophysiology Retinal ischemia causing release of angiogenic vasoactive factors (like VEGF) Tear in retinal vasculature due to break in the retina or detachment of posterior vitreous Subretinal bleeding with secondary extension into the vitreous cavity- less common

  7. Clinical features Symptoms- -Sudden appearance of floaters - small vitreous haemorrhage -Sudden painless loss of vision- large vitreous haemorrhage Signs- - No red glow on distant direct ophthalmoscopy - Blood in vitreous cavity on indirect ophthalmoscopy

  8. Patient workup Slit lamp examination of the eye Pupil dilatation and fundus examination B scan ultrasound for posterior segment evaluation Blood tests to check for specific causes such as diabetes CT scan may be required in some cases to check for injury around the eye

  9. Fate of vitreous haemorrhage Complete resolution may occur within 4-8 weeks without organisation with vitreous Organisation of haemorrhage with formation of a yellowish-white debris occurs in persistent or recurrent bleeding

  10. Complications like vitreous liquefaction, degeneration and ghost cell glaucoma may occur Fibrous proliferation may develop which may be complicated by tractional retinal detachment

  11. Management Conservative management consists of bed rest with elevation of patient’s head end to facilitate settlement of blood Treatment of cause- Once the blood settles down, indirect ophthalmoscopy should be done to locate and further manage the cause of haemorrhage

  12. Pars plana vitrectomy may be attempted to clear the vitreous, if the haemorrhage does not get absorbed in 3 months Early vitrectomy followed by laser photocoagulation may be required in cases associated with retinal detachment

  13. Thank you

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