1 / 25

Lecture 16 – Tools of the trade

Lecture 16 – Tools of the trade. The final three lectures focus on how we produce particles and measure them in the laboratory. Use practical units for this section unless otherwise stated. Tools of the trade.

lukas
Download Presentation

Lecture 16 – Tools of the trade

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. FK7003 Lecture 16 – Tools of the trade The final three lectures focus on how we produce particles and measure them in the laboratory. Use practical units for this section unless otherwise stated.

  2. FK7003 Tools of the trade Important to understand both particle properties themselves and the experimental techniques which are used to measure them. • ”Production” of particles in collisions • Accelerators • Beam energies/configurations • Accelerator design • LHC • Measurement of particles produced from collisions (next lecture) • Interactions of particles in material • Detectors to identify and measure the momentum and energy of produced particles x x x x x x x x x x Detector

  3. FK7003 Collider or fixed target. • Collide two beam or scatter one beam off a stationary (fixed) target. • Collide high energy beams • Usually head-on for maximum centre-of-mass energy and,eg, discovery potential for ”new” heavy particles • (eg LEP-1; e+ + e- : 45+45 GeV) • Sometimes asymmetric beam energies. • (HERA: e-+p: 27.5 + 820 GeV), (KEK-B e-+ e+:8.+3.5GeV). • Collide high energy beam with a stationary target (fixed target experiments). • Advantage- can easily change target material • Disadvantage – hard to achieve high c.m. energy (lec 10 and later in lecture) Head-on collisions Fixed target interaction

  4. FK7003 Question

  5. FK7003 History of accelerators in particle physics Top quark Now 2009! W+-,Z0 3 lightn gluon jets Charm (J/y)

  6. The world’s major colliders FK7003

  7. Designing a collider: e++e-or hadron-hadron ? FK7003

  8. FK7003

  9. FK7003

  10. FK7003 SLC

  11. FK7003 Cyclic accelerators ”Bending” dipole magnets keep a particle in a circular trajectory. Cyclical accelerators are also called storage rings. (16.01) (16.02)

  12. Synchrotron E C A B Time at fixed point in rf cavity. FK7003

  13. FK7003 E C A B Time at fixed point in rf cavity.

  14. FK7003 Question

  15. FK7003 Quadrupole focusing magnets Need beam to be sharply focused and not diffuse. Alternately placed to focus and defocus in horizontal and vertical planes. Focus in horizontal plane. Force on +ve particles coming out or -ve particles going in plane.

  16. FK7003 From lecture 10 - Luminosity Na Nb Nb Na Collision point+detector

  17. FK7003 Integrated luminosity and total number of events

  18. Cross sections for processes at the LHC and Tevatron 14 TeV FK7003

  19. FK7003 Question

  20. FK7003 Limitations in energy of a synchrotron

  21. FK7003 Synchrotron radiation

  22. FK7003 Limitation of proton beam energy in a synchrotron

  23. FK7003 Detection of particles e- K- x x x x x x x p x x x e+ Detector n

  24. FK7003 Question

  25. FK7003 Summary • Accelerators and Colliders • Symmetric and asymmetric beam energies chosen depending on the physics under study • Linear and cyclic accelerators • Synchrotron beam energies restricted by synchotron radiation (electron) and magnetic field (protons)

More Related