ENGR 214 Engineering Mechanics II: Dynamics Summer 2011 Dr. Mustafa Arafa

1. ENGR 214 Engineering Mechanics II: Dynamics Summer 2011 Dr. Mustafa Arafa American University in Cairo Mechanical Engineering Department mharafa@aucegypt.edu

2. Course Information • Textbook: Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, F.P. Beer and E.R. Johnston, McGraw-Hill, 8th edition, 2007. • Grading: attendance 6%; homework & quizzes 15%; mid-term exams 20%, 16%, 13%; final exam 30%; bonusproject 5%. • Lecture notes: will be posted on my website. Additional material will also be covered on the board. Please print out the notes beforehand & bring them to class. • Bonus project: • Apply the course material to the analysis of a real system • Use Working Model to model and solve some problems • Search the internet for related software, download & test the software on simple problems • Develop your own software to solve a class of problems • Develop some teaching aids for part of the course • My advice: practice makes perfect!

3. Course Outline PARTICLE SYSTEM OF PARTICLES RIGID BODIES Chapter 15 Chapter 11 KINEMATICS KINETICS NEWTON’S LAW Chapter 14 Chapter 16 Chapter 12 KINETICS ENERGY & MOMENTUM Chapter 17 Chapter 13

4. ENGR 214Chapter 11Kinematics of Particles All figures taken from Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, Beer and Johnston, 2004

5. Introduction • Dynamics includes: • Kinematics: study of the motion (displacement, velocity, acceleration, & time) without reference to the cause of motion (i.e. regardless of forces). • Kinetics: study of the forces acting on a body, and the resulting motion caused by the given forces. • Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line. • Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it moves along a curved line.

6. Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

7. Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration • The motion of a particle is known if the position coordinate for particle is known for every value of time t. Motion of the particle may be expressed in the form of a function, e.g., or in the form of a graph x vs. t. • Particle moving along a straight line is said to be in rectilinear motion. • Position coordinate of a particle is defined by (+ or -) distance of particle from a fixed origin on the line.

8. Consider particle which occupies position P at time t and P’ at t+Dt, Average velocity Instantaneous velocity • Instantaneous velocity may be positive or negative. Magnitude of velocity is referred to as particle speed. • From the definition of a derivative, e.g., Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

9. Consider particle with velocity v at time t and v’ at t+Dt, Instantaneous acceleration • From the definition of a derivative, Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

10. Consider particle with motion given by Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration • at t = 0, x = 0, v = 0, a = 12 m/s2 • at t = 2 s, x = 16 m, v = vmax = 12 m/s, a = 0 • at t = 4 s, x = xmax = 32 m, v = 0, a = -12 m/s2 • at t = 6 s, x = 0, v = -36 m/s, a = -24 m/s2

11. Determining the Motion of a Particle • Recall, motion is defined if position x is known for all time t. • If the acceleration is given, we can determine velocity and position by two successive integrations. • Three classes of motion may be defined for: • acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t) • - acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x) • - acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v)

12. Determining the Motion of a Particle • Acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t): • Acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x):

13. Determining the Motion of a Particle • Acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v):

14. Summary • Procedure: • Establish a coordinate system & specify an origin • Remember: x,v,a,t are related by: • When integrating, either use limits (if known) or add a constant of integration

15. Sample Problem 11.2 Ball tossed with 10 m/s vertical velocity from window 20 m above ground. • Determine: • velocity and elevation above ground at time t, • highest elevation reached by ball and corresponding time, and • time when ball will hit the ground and corresponding velocity.

16. Sample Problem 11.2 • SOLUTION: • Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).

17. Solve for t at which velocity equals zero and evaluate corresponding altitude. Sample Problem 11.2

18. Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and evaluate corresponding velocity. Sample Problem 11.2

19. vo= - 10 m/s What if the ball is tossed downwards with the same speed? (The audience is thinking …)

20. Uniform Rectilinear Motion Uniform rectilinear motion acceleration = 0 velocity = constant

21. Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion Uniformly accelerated motion acceleration = constant Also: Application: free fall

22. relative position of B with respect to A relative velocity of B with respect to A relative acceleration of B with respect to A Motion of Several Particles: Relative Motion • For particles moving along the same line, displacements should be measured from the same origin in the same direction.

23. Sample Problem 11.4 Ball thrown vertically from 12 m level in elevator shaft with initial velocity of 18 m/s. At same instant, open-platform elevator passes 5 m level moving upward at 2 m/s. Determine (a) when and where ball hits elevator and (b) relative velocity of ball and elevator at contact.

24. SOLUTION: • Ball: uniformly accelerated motion (given initial position and velocity). • Elevator: constant velocity (given initial position and velocity) Sample Problem 11.4 • Write equation for relative position of ball with respect to elevator and solve for zero relative position, i.e., impact. • Substitute impact time into equation for position of elevator and relative velocity of ball with respect to elevator.

25. SOLUTION: • Ball: uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. • Elevator: uniform rectilinear motion. Sample Problem 11.4

26. Relative position of ball with respect to elevator: • Substitute impact time into equations for position of elevator and relative velocity of ball with respect to elevator. Sample Problem 11.4

27. Position of block B depends on position of block A. Since rope is of constant length, it follows that sum of lengths of segments must be constant. constant (one degree of freedom) • Positions of three blocks are dependent. constant (two degrees of freedom) • For linearly related positions, similar relations hold between velocities and accelerations. Motion of Several Particles: Dependent Motion • Position of a particle may depend on position of one or more other particles.

28. Applications

29. Sample Problem 11.5 Pulley D is attached to a collar which is pulled down at 3 in./s. At t = 0, collar A starts moving down from K with constant acceleration and zero initial velocity. Knowing that velocity of collar A is 12 in./s as it passes L, determine the change in elevation, velocity, and acceleration of block B when block A is at L.

30. SOLUTION: • Define origin at upper horizontal surface with positive displacement downward. • Collar A has uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Solve for acceleration and time t to reach L. Sample Problem 11.5

31. Pulley D has uniform rectilinear motion. Calculate change of position at time t. • Block B motion is dependent on motions of collar A and pulley D. Write motion relationship and solve for change of block B position at time t. Total length of cable remains constant, Sample Problem 11.5

32. Sample Problem 11.5 • Differentiate motion relation twice to develop equations for velocity and acceleration of block B.

33. Curvilinear Motion A particle moving along a curve other than a straight line is said to be in curvilinear motion. http://news.yahoo.com/photos/ss/441/im:/070123/ids_photos_wl/r2207709100.jpg

34. Consider particle which occupies position P defined by at time t and P’ defined by at t + Dt, instantaneous velocity (vector) instantaneous speed (scalar) Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration • Position vector of a particle at time t is defined by a vector between origin O of a fixed reference frame and the position occupied by particle. Velocity is tangent to path

35. Consider velocity of particle at time t and velocity at t + Dt, instantaneous acceleration (vector) • In general, acceleration vector is not tangent to particle path and velocity vector. Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

36. Position vector of particle P given by its rectangular components: • Velocity vector, • Acceleration vector, Rectangular Components of Velocity & Acceleration

37. Motion of projectile could be replaced by two independent rectilinear motions. Rectangular Components of Velocity & Acceleration • Rectangular components are useful when acceleration components can be integrated independently, ex: motion of a projectile. with initial conditions, Therefore: • Motion in horizontal direction is uniform. • Motion in vertical direction is uniformly accelerated.

38. y x Example A projectile is fired from the edge of a 150-m cliff with an initial velocity of 180 m/s at an angle of 30° with the horizontal. Find (a) the range, and (b) maximum height. Remember:

39. Example Car A is traveling at a constant speed of 36 km/h. As A crosses intersection, B starts from rest 35 m north of intersection and moves with a constant acceleration of 1.2 m/s2. Determine the speed, velocity and acceleration of B relative to A 5 seconds after A crosses intersection.

40. Tangential and Normal Components • Velocity vector of particle is tangent to path of particle. In general, acceleration vector is not. Wish to express acceleration vector in terms of tangential and normal components. • are tangential unit vectors for the particle path at P and P’. When drawn with respect to the same origin, From geometry:

41. With the velocity vector expressed asthe particle acceleration may be written as Tangential and Normal Components but After substituting, • Tangential component of acceleration reflects change of speed and normal component reflects change of direction. • Tangential component may be positive or negative. Normal component always points toward center of path curvature.

42. Radial and Transverse Components • If particle position is given in polar coordinates, we can express velocity and acceleration with components parallel and perpendicular to OP. • Particle position vector: • Particle velocity vector: • Similarly, particle acceleration:

43. Sample Problem 11.10 A motorist is traveling on curved section of highway at 60 mph. The motorist applies brakes causing a constant deceleration. Knowing that after 8 s the speed has been reduced to 45 mph, determine the acceleration of the automobile immediately after the brakes are applied.

44. SOLUTION: • Calculate tangential and normal components of acceleration. • Determine acceleration magnitude and direction with respect to tangent to curve. Sample Problem 11.10

45. Sample Problem 11.11 Determine the minimum radius of curvature of the trajectory described by the projectile. Recall: Minimum r, occurs for small v and large an v is min and anis max an a

46. Sample Problem 11.12 Rotation of the arm about O is defined by q = 0.15t2 where q is in radians and t in seconds. Collar B slides along the arm such that r = 0.9 - 0.12t2 where r is in meters. After the arm has rotated through 30o, determine (a) the total velocity of the collar, (b) the total acceleration of the collar, and (c) the relative acceleration of the collar with respect to the arm.

47. SOLUTION: • Evaluate time t for q = 30o. • Evaluate radial and angular positions, and first and second derivatives at time t. Sample Problem 11.12

48. Calculate velocity and acceleration. Sample Problem 11.12

49. Sample Problem 11.12 • Evaluate acceleration with respect to arm. • Motion of collar with respect to arm is rectilinear and defined by coordinate r.