Cities Without Suburbs

1. Cities Without Suburbs Anders Swanson Kirstin Wagner Eli Wade-Scott Source: Amazon.com. 2010. http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51GP1V4YRWL._SL500_.jpg

2. Overview • Background Information • Selection Process • Defining “Elasticity” • Why are some cities elastic and others inelastic? • Trends in elastic / inelastic cities • Strategies for stretching cities • Local • State • Federal • Take Home Lessons

3. About the Author: David Rusk • Son of Dean Rusk • Albuquerque Mayor • 1977-81 • Member of Urban League • “If you have no enemies, you probably aren’t doing anything worthwhile” Source: Eggleston, Richard. 7 February 2001. Wisconsin Alliance of Cities Newsletter. http://www.gamaliel.org/DavidRusk/AboutDavid.htm/davidrusk.jpg

4. City and Suburb Are Indivisible

5. Selection Process • Size > 200,000 • Significant black and Hispanic populations • Elimination of: • Border towns • City-less metro areas • 331  119 metro areas

6. Elasticity • In-Fill Development • Annexation Ability Source: Annenberg Media. 2010. Journey North. http://www.learner.org/jnorth/images/graphics/m/Muscle_RubberBand2.jpg

7. In-fill Development Capacity City Density Average persons per square mile, 1950

8. Annexation Ability Percent Change in Area of City

9. Why are some cities elastic and others inelastic? • Geography • State laws • Civic leadership • History Source: Wikimedia Commons. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ma_towns.png

10. What are the consequences of inelasticity? Economic Social

11. Economic Benefits of Elasticity • Capturing Growth • Population • Jobs • Stronger bond ratings

12. Economic Benefits: Capturing Growth Elastic Cities Capture Suburban Growth Average capture/contribute percentage, 1950-2000

13. Economic Benefits: Population Elastic Cities Gain Population, Inelastic Cities Lose Population Average population percent change, 1950-2000

14. Economic Benefits: Jobs Inelastic Cities Are Harder Hit by De-Industrialization Percent change in number of manufacturing jobs, 1969-1999

15. Economic Benefits: Jobs Elastic Areas Had Faster Rates of Non-Factory Job Creation than Inelastic Areas Total non-manufacturing job growth percentage change, 1969-1999

16. Elastic Areas Had Faster Rates of Non-factory Job Creation than Inelastic Areas Economic Benefits: Jobs Total non-manufacturing job growth percentage change, 1969-1999

17. Economic Benefits: Jobs Elastic Areas Showed Greater Real Income Gain Percentage growth in real per capita personal income, 1969-1999

18. Economic Benefits: Bond Ratings

19. What are the consequences of inelasticity? Economic Social

20. Social Consequences of Inelasticity • More segregated • Race • Class Source: City of Chicago. 2000. City of Chicago Census Maps. <http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/doit/ supp_info/census_maps.html>

21. Inelastic Areas Are More Segregated than Elastic Areas Average metro segregation index, 2000

22. Worse In School Districts Segregation Index, Elementary Schools 1999-2000

23. WHY? <http://www.batchgeo.com/map/6a6974920972b67d9c1082a184a57583> • Greater wealth capture • Broader constituencies • Expansionist leadership • Correlated but not causative MAP Source: Wikimedia Commons. 06 October 2007. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:West_Palm_Beach_Skyline.jpg>

24. Source: Wikipedia Commons. 13 August 2004. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Map_of_USA_highlighting_Sun_Belt.png Source: Wikipedia Commons. 31 October 2007. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Rust-belt-map.jpg

25. Strategies for Stretching Cities Big Boxes Little Boxes

26. Local Strategies • Implement regional inclusionary zoning or other mixed-income housing strategies • Implement regional land use and transportation planning and growth management strategies • Implement regional tax base sharing

27. Local Strategies in Effect • Montgomery County, Maryland • Moderately Priced Dwelling Ordinance (1973) • 1970: 92% white, 8% non-white • 2008: 54% non-Hispanic whites,17% black, 15% Hispanic, 13% Asian; nation’s 6th wealthiest suburb Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2008, http://quickfacts.census.gov

28. State Strategies Establish Big Boxes Facilitate city-county consolidation Improve annexation laws

29. State Laws Regarding Municipal Annexation Improve Annexation Laws Source: Rusk, David. "Strategies for Stretching Cities." Cities without Suburbs: a Census 2000 Update. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2003. 109. Print.

30. State Strategies • Improve annexation laws • Set forth standards by which annexation would serve public interest • Authorize annexation to be initiated by petition (by landowners) or resolution (by city council) • Require public hearings and due process • Authorize annexation to be consummated by council action alone • Extend affected landowners rights of appeal

31. State Laws Regarding City-County Consolidation Facilitate City-County Consolidation Source: Rusk, David. "Strategies for Stretching Cities." Cities without Suburbs: a Census 2000 Update. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2003. 105. Print.

32. State Strategies • Facilitate city-county consolidation • Establish a consolidation charter commission • Authorize the creation of urban and rural service districts (with different tax levels) • Authorize the inclusion of traditional county functions (sheriff, assessor, clerk, etc.) • Authorize approval of consolidated government by a referendum of all affected voters

33. Other State Strategies in Effect • Minnesota: Twin Cities Fiscal Disparities Plan, 1971 • 2000: $407 million (over 28% of all commercial/ industrial property taxes collected) • Tax-base disparity, 17:1  4:1 Source: Wikimedia Commons. 12 August 2008. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Twin_Cities_Metro_Area_%2813_County%29.png

34. Other State Strategies in Effect • Oregon: Land Use Act of 1973 • Portland Metro, 1979 • UGB land management • Land preserved exclusively for farming, forestry, and wilderness and recreation areas • Land that can be urbanized Source: Mariani, John. August 2008. http://www.johnmariani.com/archive/2008/080525/PortlandOregon.jpg

35. Federal Strategies • Increase grants-in-aid to projects that increase urban density, decrease for those that increase urban sprawl (sliding scale) • Offer below-market loans to homeowners in mixed-income housing areas • Require that housing vouchers be used for mixed-income housing

36. Federal Strategies in Effect • Chicago, Illinois: Gautreaux Project, 1976 • 1981-1998: 7,100 families • 1/3 stayed in the city of Chicago • 2/3 moved to Chicago’s suburbs Effects of Gautreaux Project Source: Rusk, David. "Strategies for Stretching Cities." Cities without Suburbs: a Census 2000 Update. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, 2003. 122-123. Print.

37. What will motivate local, state and federal governments to adopt these changes?

38. Grassroots Reform Movements!

39. Grassroots Reform Movements! • Coalition-building • Environmental groups • Affordable housing advocates • Civil rights organizations • Farmland preservation groups • Regional planning bodies • Labor unions • Urban studies centers • Central city governments • Business organizations • Interfaith coalitions “ The future of metropolitan America will be determined not in the corridors of power but in the pulpits and pews where determined leaders- clerical and lay- are mobilizing the ‘angels of our better nature’. ”

40. Take Home Lessons • “City” = city + suburbs • elasticity  racial and economic segregation and economic success • Goal: Little boxes  Big boxes • State’s role = important

41. The End. Thanks for listening.