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Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion

Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion. Kyle Montgomery. May 12, 2014. About Me. To 2000. In the beginning…. Bachelor’s. 2004. Professional. 2004-2007. Master’s. 2008. Intern. PhD. 2012. Research & Lecturer. Present. Influences. Jerry Woodall

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Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion

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  1. Future Generation Solid-State Energy Conversion Kyle Montgomery May 12, 2014

  2. About Me To 2000 In the beginning… Bachelor’s 2004 Professional 2004-2007 Master’s 2008 Intern PhD 2012 Research & Lecturer Present

  3. Influences Jerry Woodall Distinguished Professor, UC Davis NAE Member, National Medal of Technology Compound Semiconductor Materials & Devices David Wilt Tech Lead, Air Force Research Lab, Space Vehicles Former Lead PV Engineer at NASA Space Photovoltaics, III-V MOVPE Mark Lundstrom Distinguished Professor, Purdue NAE Member Electron Transport and Device Modeling

  4. Overview • Motivation • The Energy Dilemma • Opportunities • Research • Photovoltaics • Future Directions • Teaching • Experience: Purdue & UC Davis • Future Directions

  5. Overview • Motivation • The Energy Dilemma • Opportunities • Research • Photovoltaics • Future Directions • Teaching • Experience: Purdue & UC Davis • Future Directions

  6. The Energy Dilemma (1/2) • We use too much energy Total Global Energy Total Energy by Country +60% OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development EIA, International Energy Outlook 2013

  7. The Energy Dilemma (2/2) • We waste too much energy Mostly Waste Heat Coal (41%) Conversion Loss (62%) Natural Gas (25%) Nuclear (21%) Residential (12%) Renewables (12%) Commercial (12%) Industrial (9%) US EIA, Monthly Energy Review (January 2014)

  8. Opportunity: Solar Resource Covering US ~20M TWh / yr 2011 US Electricity Consumption 4100 TWh Equiv. Land Area ~2000 km2 ½ the size of Rhode Island

  9. Wide Bandgap Cells for Multijunctions Eg > 2 eV K. Montgomery, PhD Thesis, 2012

  10. Opportunity: Lighting Efficiency 17% Percentage of total residential & commercial electricity used for lighting in US (EIA, 2011) Incandescent Halogen Compact Fluorescent Linear Fluorescent High Intensity Discharge (HID) Light Emitting Diode (LED) Efficacy [lm / W] US DoE, Solid-State Lighting Technology Fact Sheet, PNNL-SA-94206, March 2013.

  11. Better Ways for Solid State Lighting Current Technology: Low Cost, Decent Quality Ideal Technology: High Cost, Superior Quality NEED: True Green LED

  12. Overview • Motivation • The Energy Dilemma • Opportunities • Research • Photovoltaics • Future Directions • Teaching • Experience: Purdue & UC Davis • Future Directions

  13. Research Contributions • Reviving Liquid Phase Epitaxy • GaP Solar Cells • 2x improvement in spectral response • AlGaAs Solar Cells • Enhanced Luminescence Near Crossover • Towards Dual Junction Integration on Si • III-V / II-VI Digital Alloys • Integration to Novel Energy Conversion Systems

  14. Semiconductor Menu

  15. Liquid Phase Epitaxy – Rotating Chamber • Benefits: • Perfected Crystal Structure • Better Stoichiometry • High Growth Rates • Economical • Challenges: • Stable Growth Conditions • Low Supersaturation K. Montgomery, PhD Thesis, 2012

  16. GaP Solar Cells Current Density (mA/cm2) Voltage (V) Internal QE Wavelength (nm) C. R. Allen, et al., Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C., 94, 865 (2010).

  17. Gettering in GaP Liquid O- Solid Ga Mole Fraction Al Mole Fraction Ga Al P Mole Fraction P AlGaP GaP Substrate Al-Ga @ 975°C K. Montgomery, et. al., JEM, 40, 1457-1460 (2011).

  18. Gettering Yields Higher Response Zn-S Zn-O Exciton K. Montgomery, et. al., JEM, 40, 1457-1460 (2011).

  19. AlGaAs Solar Cells by LPE X. Zhao et.al, PVSC 40 (2014), K. Montgomery, et. al., EMC (2012)

  20. Non-Isovalent Alloys

  21. ZnSe-GaAs Digital Alloy • Superlattice  Miniband formation • Potential problem: intermediary compounds at interfaces Effective Band Gap S. Agarwal, K. H. Montgomery, et. al., Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 13, H5 (2010).

  22. Wide Bandgap Cells for Hybrid PV-PT • Goal: Maximize solar energy conversion using PV + Heat • Benefit: Direct heat absorption allows for storage System Efficiency (@100x) Temperature (°C) PV Bandgap (eV) K. Montgomery, et. al., PVSC 39 (2013) & Manuscript in Preparation

  23. Future Directions Wide Bandgap Solar Cells Engineered Superstrates • Gettered Devices • Integrated Nanostructures • Tandem Integration • Hybrid Epitaxy • III-V on Si • Polycrystalline III-V • ZnSe-GaAs Epitaxy • Growth & Doping • Heterojunction Devices Non-Isovalent Semiconductors

  24. Overview • Motivation • The Energy Dilemma • Opportunities • Research • Photovoltaics • Future Directions • Teaching • Experience: Purdue & UC Davis • Future Directions

  25. Teaching Experience: Purdue • Teaching Assistant • 2 semesters: Grad Level Microfabrication • Lessons Learned • Textbook Knowledge ≠ Fab Skills • Laboratory Safety

  26. Teaching Experience: UC Davis • Lecturer • Undergrad Circuits Analysis • ~200 students • Lessons Learned (& still learning!) • Minimize loss in translation • Emphasize fundamentals, Expose details “…not only does he go on to teach us what we need to know to get by in circuits, he is a compelling lecturer, caring person, and above all he is able to deal with classroom issues with grace.” kmontgomery.net/eng17

  27. Mentorship: UC Davis PhD Students Undergraduates

  28. Teaching Plans: Graduate • Materials Science for Microsystems Engineering • Microelectronics I • Proposed Course Solid-State Energy Conversion Materials & Devices REVIEW: Solid-State Physics, Material Properties, Thermodynamics Light Emitting Diodes Photovoltaics Thermoelectrics Piezoelectrics Emphasis on Recent Research “Direct Energy Conversion” by Angrist (w/supplements)

  29. Teaching Plans: Undergraduate • Circuits I-II • (Adv.) Semiconductor Devices • MATLAB Programming • Clean and Renewable Energy Systems and Sources

  30. Overview • Motivation • The Energy Dilemma • Opportunities • Research • Photovoltaics • Future Directions • Teaching • Experience: Purdue & UC Davis • Future Directions

  31. Acknowledgements Purdue University Prof. Mark Lundstrom, ECE Prof. David Janes, ECE Prof. Peide Ye, ECE Prof. Eric Kvam, MSE Prof. Peter Bermel, ECE Prof. Gerhard Klimeck, ECE Prof. AnantRamdas, Physics DionisisBerdebes, ECE Dr. JayprakashBhosale, Physics Yale University Prof. Minjoo Larry Lee, EE UC Davis Prof. Jerry Woodall, ECE Prof. Saif Islam, ECE Prof. Subhash Mahajan, CHMS Xin Zhao, ECE UCLA Dr. Paul Simmonds Air Force Research Laboratory David Wilt Dr. Alex Howard John Merrill

  32. Thank you! Any questions?

  33. Supplemental

  34. ZnSe-GaAs Physical Alloy • Miscibility previously demonstrated • N-type conductivity generally found • Lack of prior work due to difficulty in suitable deposition technique W. M. Yim, JAP, 40, 2617–2623, 1969.

  35. SiCSolar Cells 150 suns R. P. Raffaelle et. al., 28th PVSC, 2000, pp. 1257–1260.

  36. AlGaAs Growth by LPE K. Montgomery, et. al., EMC (2012)

  37. InGaN Solar Cells Phase separation InGaN (37% In) Full Spectrum Coverage Defects InGaN (16.8% In, 2.67 eV) Jampana, et al., Electron Devic. Lett., 31, 32 (2010). R. Singh and D. Doppalapudi, Appl. Phys. Lett., 70, 1089 (1997).

  38. 2.19 eV GaInP w/GaAsPBuffers on GaP In0.26Ga0.74P S. Tomasulo, et. al., PVSC 39, 2013.

  39. Wide Bandgap Cells for High-T AM0 (FF = 0.80, Pin = 1366.1 W/cm2) 27°C 20 Efficiency 10 900°C Temperatures up to 450°C 1.0 2.0 3.0 Bandgap G. A. Landis, et. al., “High-Temperature Solar Cell Development,” NASA, 2004.

  40. Engineered Superstrates • Superstrate: Substrate templated with a heterogeneous material • III-V on Si • Needs thick buffer layers • Problem: Dislocation densities • LPE may help (w/MOCVD)

  41. Primary Photovoltaic Technologies High Cost, High Efficiency Low Cost, Low Efficiency η~ 6-22% η~ 28-39% (at xx suns) First Solar SolFocus

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