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1) mutations

1) mutations. A) occur randomly with respect to fitness effects, but non-randomly in a biochemical sense B) occur very rarely on a per-organism/generation basis C) can produce new alleles of existing genes, but not new genes D) usually increase organism fitness E) all of the above.

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1) mutations

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  1. 1) mutations • A) occur randomly with respect to fitness effects, but non-randomly in a biochemical sense • B) occur very rarely on a per-organism/generation basis • C) can produce new alleles of existing genes, but not new genes • D) usually increase organism fitness • E) all of the above

  2. 2) Chromosome inversions • A) are not a type of mutation because the DNA sequence is unchanged • B) typically occur in bacteria and archea, but not eukarya • C) are selectively neutral, and evolve in a clocklike manner • D) prevent recombination among alleles of genes within the inversion • E) facilitate recombination among alleles of genes within the inversion

  3. 3) Genetic variation in wild populations is • A) often measured as heterozygosity • B) often rather low • C) often due to synonymous substitutions • D) all of the above • E) just A and C above

  4. 4) A population of 50 diploid individuals has 20 that are Aa, 20 that are AA, and 10 that are aa. What is the allele frequency of the a allele? • A) 80% • B) 60% • C) 40% • D) 20% • E) 50%

  5. 5) The most common means of gene duplication is • A) a frame-shift • B) a knockout mutation • C) unequal crossover • D) polyploidy • E) inversion

  6. 6) Gene duplication is evolutionarily important because • A) it increases genome size, and larger genomes are more advanced • B) it allows different versions of a gene to specialize in slightly different functions • C) it shows genetic homology among related groups of organisms • D) it facilitates adaptation to different conditions at different life stages • E) all of the above except A

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