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Chapter 13-1, 13-2, and 13-3

Chapter 13-1, 13-2, and 13-3. Lipids and Triglycerides By: T. Valiquette M. Boots. 13-1: What are Lipids?. Lipids are a family of substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents and solvents of low polarity. Examples: Diethyl Ether, Chloroform, and Benzene.

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Chapter 13-1, 13-2, and 13-3

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  1. Chapter 13-1, 13-2, and 13-3 Lipids and Triglycerides By: T. Valiquette M. Boots.

  2. 13-1: What are Lipids? • Lipids are a family of substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents and solvents of low polarity. • Examples: Diethyl Ether, Chloroform, and Benzene. • Unlike most other substances, lipids are not classified by their structure. Instead, they are classified by their unique properties.

  3. Classification • There are three groups that lipids can be classified into, based on function. • Storage, Membrane, and Messengers. • There are four groups if classified by structure. • Simple Lipids, Complex Lipids, Steroids, and Prostaglandins/thromboxanes/leukotrienes.

  4. Functions of Lipids Storage • Animals and Plants use lipids to store energy in the forms of fat and starch respectively. • Humans store energy in the form of fat but also store some energy in the form of glycogen. This occurs because the glycogen is used for quick energy. • The reason glycogen isn’t the main form of energy is because fats generate double the energy glycogen does. (about 9 kal/g for fats as compared to 4 kal/g for glycogen)

  5. Membrane Components • Lipids are also important parts of membranes that separate liquid solutions. • Lipid insolubility in water plays a vital role here because membranes need insoluble components. • The reason lipids are non-polar instead of polar is because the non-polar organelles are larger than the smaller polar components of the cells. This gives it a hydrophobic trait rather than a hydrophilic trait.

  6. Chemical Messengers • Lipids perform the role of transferring messages from one part of the body to another. • Example: Steroid Hormones • Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes are used for hormonal responses.

  7. 13-2 What Are Structures of Triglycerides? • Triglycerides are triesters of glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids. • Side Note: The alcohol portion of a triglyceride is always glycerol. • The fatty acid components are similar but can vary. They have the following in common: • They are almost all unbranched carboxylic acids. • Contain 10 to 20 carbons. • Contain an even number of carbons. • Aside from the –COOH group and double bonds there are no functional groups present. • If a double bond is present, normally the cis-isomers predominate.

  8. Example of a Triglyceride.

  9. Triglycerides continued… • Triglycerides are the most common lipid materials. This doesn’t mean that that others are infrequent, such as mono- or diglycerides. • Triglycerides usually contain a mixture of 3 different acids although it is possible to contain 3 of the same type of acid. • Triglycerides, being a lipid and thus sharing a few of their properties, are insoluble in water because of their long hydrocarbon chains.

  10. 13-3 What Are Properties of Triglycerides? Physical State • Fats come from animals, and are solid at room temperature. • Oils come from fish and plants and are liquids at room temperature. • They are both esters of glycerol. • The main difference between fats and oils is the level of saturation. • Fats contain saturated fatty acids • Oils contain more unsaturated fatty acids. • Example: Vegetable oil

  11. Essential fatty acids are linoleic and linolenic. • Your body cannot synthesize these so they must be consumed. THEY MUST BE PART OF YOUR DIET!!! Food Items

  12. Hydrogenation • Hydrogen can be used as a catalyst to reduce Carbon-Carbon double bonds. • This allows fats to solidify and form products like Crisco, Spry, and Dexo. • Complete hydrogenation is NOT used or else the lack of the carbon-carbon double bonds would cause the resultant of the process to be too solid. • The main problem with hydrogenation is that trans-fatty acids are produced from the reactions. • Example: Margarine

  13. Saponification • Glycerides can undergo the process of hydrolysis because they are esters. • Carried out with either acids or bases. • Saponification is the hydrolysis of fats or oils that produces glycerol and fatty acid salts, better known as soap. • This is one of the oldest known chemical reactions.

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