ERRORS OF REFRACTION Željka Burčul

1. 5 ERRORS OF REFRACTION Željka Burčul Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

2. What are we going to talk about???? myopia astigmatism conjunctivits hyperopia blindness glaucoma cataract presbyopia

3. MYOPIA

4. myein = “to shut” (Greek) • ops = eye (Greek) • nearsightedness • condition in which close objects are seen clearly, but objects farther away appear blurred

5. not inherited but caused by excessive reading and other close work • first occurs at school-age

7. Symptoms: • blurred vision • difficulty seeing distant objects • frowns • holding books or objects very close to the face • sitting at the front of a classroom or theater or close to the TV or computer • no interest in sports or other activities that require good distance vision • frequent headaches

9. HYPEROPIA

10. farsightedness, longsightedness or hypermetriopia • condition in which distant objects are usually seen clearly, but close ones appear blurred

11. inherited

13. Symptoms: • difficulty seeing up close • blurred distance vision (occurs with higher amounts of hyperopia) • eye fatigue when reading • eyestrain (headaches, pulling sensation, burning)

15. ASTIGMATISM

16. corneal irregularity that causes multiple focal points and blurred picture

17. Causes: • heredity • pressure of the eyelids on the cornea • incorrect posture or increased usage of eyes for close work • any eye injury

19. Symptoms: • headaches, fatigue, eyestrain and blurred vision at all distances • difficulty focusing on printed words and lines

21. PRESBYOPIA

22. ˝short arm syndrome˝ , age-related farsightedness • condition in which an eldery person’s sight fails gradually

23. Causes: • hardening and loss of flexibility of the lens • two theories • trauma • occupation • lifestyle

25. Symptoms: • blurred vision at a normal reading distance • need to hold reading materials at arm's length • headaches, eyestrain and fatigue after near work

27. How are these conditions diagnosed?

28. How are they treated? • eyeglasses • contact lenses • laser and other refractive surgery procedures

30. References: • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ • http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/ • www.bausch.com/... • www.medicina.hr • http://images.google.hr