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Genetics

Explore the basics of genetics, from Gregor Mendel's discoveries to modern genetic engineering techniques. Learn about heredity, Punnett squares, genotypes, phenotypes, and more. Discover how traits are passed down and manipulated, along with the implications of genetic engineering. Dive into topics like incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, polygenic inheritance, and sex determination. Understand the impact of genetic disorders and the ethical considerations of selective breeding and genetically engineered plants.

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Genetics

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  1. Genetics

  2. Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring.

  3. Gregor Mendel - “Father of Genetics” The first to prove living things pass traits to their young. Video Mendel

  4. Each gene or allele can be dominant or recessive. • Capital letter = dominant allele • Lower case letter = recessive allele. • A tool used to predict traits in genetics is a Punnett Square. Father’s Genes T t T = brown hair t = blonde hair t T t t t Mother’s Genes t T t t t Punnett Square :55

  5. The physical trait that shows is the phenotype. • The pair of alleles is the genotype. • An organism with 2 alleles that are the sameis homozygous. • An organism that has two different alleles is heterozygous.

  6. G g Punnett Square :55 Brain Pop G G g G G G = Green Eyes g = Brown Eyes g G g g g • 2 heterozygous offspring Gg, gG • 2 homozygous offspring GG, gg • Phenotype = 3 offspring with green eyes and 1 offspring with brown eyes. • Genotype = 1 GG 2 Gg 1 gg

  7. Incomplete Dominance – When the offspring of 2 homozygous parents show a different phenotype. R R R = red W = white W RW RW RW RW W

  8. Multiple Alleles– A trait that is controlled by more than two genes. A - dominant B - dominant O - recessive AO = A OO = O BO = B AB = AB

  9. Polygenic Inheritance– When a group of gene pairs act together to make a trait.

  10. Determined through sex cells • Animation: Formation of twins Sex Determination MaleFemale XYXX Males determine the sex of the baby.

  11. Recessive Genetic Disorders Sickle-cell Anemia Cystic Fibrosis

  12. Pedigrees • Pedigrees A tool for tracing the occurrence of a trait in a family.

  13. Genetic engineering Genetic Engineering Biological and chemical methods to change the DNA that makes up a gene.

  14. There are 2 kinds of genetic engineering

  15. Video: Recombinant DNA 1. Recombinant DNA Made by inserting a useful segment of DNA from one organism into a bacterium.

  16. Video: Gene Therapy 2. Gene Therapy • A normal gene is placed in a virus. • It then delivers the normal gene when it infects its target cell. • The normal gene replaces the defective one.

  17. Star @ 2:00 Selecting plants with the most desired traits to breed for the next generation is called selective breeding.

  18. Genetically Engineered Plants • Pros • Can grow bigger crops • Better tasting • Add extra vitamins and minerals • Cons • Don’t know how food will affect our health

  19. Who determines the sex of the baby? Man = X Y Female = X X X Y X X X X Y X X X X Y

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