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APP1 CHAPTER 13.7-13.11 NOTES

Explore the fundamental concepts of wave motion, properties, wave types, and interactions in Chapter 11 of Physics. Learn about simple harmonic motion, pulse waves, periodic waves, transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, frequency, and energy transfer.

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APP1 CHAPTER 13.7-13.11 NOTES

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  1. APP1 CHAPTER 13.7-13.11 NOTES • These notes come from my regular physics class. • The correlate to the sections listed above in your book • The chapter and sections listed in this power point are NOT OF YOUR BOOK.

  2. Chapter 11 Vibrations and Waves Table of Contents Section 1 Simple Harmonic Motion Section 2 Measuring Simple Harmonic Motion Section 3 Properties of Waves Section 4 Wave Interactions

  3. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Objectives • Distinguishlocal particle vibrations from overall wave motion. • Differentiatebetween pulse waves and periodic waves. • Interpret waveforms of transverse and longitudinal waves. • Applythe relationship among wave speed, frequency, and wavelength to solve problems. • Relateenergy and amplitude.

  4. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Wave Motion • Awaveis the motion of a disturbance. • Amediumis a physical environment through which a disturbance can travel. For example, water is the medium for ripple waves in a pond. • Waves that require a medium through which to travel are calledmechanical waves.Water waves and sound waves are mechanical waves. • Electromagnetic wavessuch as visible light do not require a medium.

  5. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Wave Types • A wave that consists of a single traveling pulse is called apulse wave. • Whenever the source of a wave’s motion is a periodic motion, such as the motion of your hand moving up and down repeatedly, aperiodic waveis produced. • A wave whose source vibrates with simple harmonic motion is called asine wave.Thus, a sine wave is a special case of a periodic wave in which the periodic motion is simple harmonic.

  6. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Relationship Between SHM and Wave Motion As the sine wave created by this vibrating blade travels to the right, a single point on the string vibrates up and down with simple harmonic motion.

  7. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Wave Types, continued • Atransverse waveis a wave whose particles vibrateperpendicularlyto the direction of the wave motion. • Thecrestis the highestpoint above the equilibrium position, and thetroughis thelowestpoint below the equilibrium position. • Thewavelength (l)is the distance between two adjacent similar points of a wave.

  8. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Transverse Waves

  9. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Wave Types, continued • Alongitudinal wave is a wave whose particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is traveling. • A longitudinal wave on a spring at some instant t can be represented by a graph. Thecrestscorrespond to compressed regions, and thetroughscorrespond to stretched regions. • The crests are regions of high density and pressure (relative to the equilibrium density or pressure of the medium), and the troughsare regions of low density and pressure.

  10. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Longitudinal Waves

  11. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Period, Frequency, and Wave Speed • The frequency of a wavedescribes the number of waves that pass a given point in a unit of time. • Theperiod of a wavedescribes the time it takes for a complete wavelength to pass a given point. • The relationship between period and frequency in SHM holds true for waves as well; the period of a wave isinversely relatedto its frequency.

  12. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Characteristics of a Wave

  13. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Period, Frequency, and Wave Speed, continued • The speed of a mechanicalwave is constant for any given medium. • Thespeed of a waveis given by the following equation: v = fl wave speed = frequency  wavelength • This equation applies to both mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

  14. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Waves and Energy Transfer • Waves transfer energy by the vibration of matter. • Waves are often able to transport energy efficiently. • The rate at which a wave transfers energy depends on theamplitude. • The greater the amplitude, the more energy a wave carries in a given time interval. • For a mechanical wave, the energy transferred is proportional to the square of the wave’s amplitude. • The amplitude of a wave gradually diminishes over time as its energy is dissipated.

  15. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Objectives • Apply the superposition principle. • Differentiatebetween constructive and destructive interference. • Predictwhen a reflected wave will be inverted. • Predictwhether specific traveling waves will produce a standing wave. • Identifynodes and antinodes of a standing wave.

  16. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Wave Interference • Two different material objects can never occupy the same space at the same time. • Because mechanical waves are not matter but rather are displacements of matter, two waves can occupy the same space at the same time. • The combination of two overlapping waves is calledsuperposition.

  17. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Wave Interference, continued In constructive interference,individual displacements on the same side of the equilibrium position are added together to form the resultant wave.

  18. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Wave Interference, continued In destructive interference,individual displacements on opposite sides of the equilibrium position are added together to form the resultant wave.

  19. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Comparing Constructive and Destructive Interference

  20. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Reflection • What happens to the motion of a wave when it reaches a boundary? • At afree boundary, waves arereflected. • At afixedboundary, waves arereflectedand inverted. Free boundary Fixed boundary

  21. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Standing Waves

  22. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Standing Waves • A standing waveis a wave pattern that results when two waves of the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere. • Standing waves have nodes and antinodes. • A nodeis a point in a standing wave that maintainszero displacement. • Anantinodeis a point in a standing wave, halfway between two nodes, at which thelargest displacementoccurs.

  23. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Standing Waves, continued • Only certain wavelengthsproduce standing wave patterns. • Theendsof the string must benodesbecause these points cannot vibrate. • A standing wave can be produced for any wavelength that allows both ends to be nodes. • In the diagram, possible wavelengths include2L(b),L(c), and2/3L(d).

  24. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Standing Waves This photograph shows four possible standing waves that can exist on a given string. The diagram shows the progression of the second standing wave for one-half of a cycle.

  25. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 11–13 on the graph. 11. What kind of wave does this graph represent? A. transverse wave C. electromagnetic wave B. longitudinal wave D. pulse wave

  26. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 11–13 on the graph. 11. What kind of wave does this graph represent? A. transverse waveC. electromagnetic wave B. longitudinal wave D. pulse wave

  27. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 11–13 on the graph. 12. Which letter on the graph represents wavelength? F. A H. C G. B J. D

  28. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 11–13 on the graph. 12. Which letter on the graph represents wavelength? F. A H. C G. B J. D

  29. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 11–13 on the graph. 13. Which letter on the graph is used for a trough? A. A C. C B. B D. D

  30. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 11–13 on the graph. 13. Which letter on the graph is used for a trough? A. A C. C B. B D. D

  31. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 14–15 on the passage. A wave with an amplitude of 0.75 m has the same wavelength as a second wave with an amplitude of 0.53 m. The two waves interfere. 14. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave if the interference is constructive? F. 0.22 m G. 0.53 m H. 0.75 m J. 1.28 m

  32. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 14–15 on the passage. A wave with an amplitude of 0.75 m has the same wavelength as a second wave with an amplitude of 0.53 m. The two waves interfere. 14. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave if the interference is constructive? F. 0.22 m G. 0.53 m H. 0.75 m J. 1.28 m

  33. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 14–15 on the passage. A wave with an amplitude of 0.75 m has the same wavelength as a second wave with an amplitude of 0.53 m. The two waves interfere. 15. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave if the interference is destructive? A. 0.22 m B. 0.53 m C. 0.75 m D. 1.28 m

  34. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Base your answers to questions 14–15 on the passage. A wave with an amplitude of 0.75 m has the same wavelength as a second wave with an amplitude of 0.53 m. The two waves interfere. 15. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave if the interference is destructive? A. 0.22 m B. 0.53 m C. 0.75 m D. 1.28 m

  35. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 16. Two successive crests of a transverse wave 1.20 m apart. Eight crests pass a given point 12.0 s. What is the wave speed? F. 0.667 m/s G. 0.800 m/s H. 1.80 m/s J. 9.60 m/s

  36. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 16. Two successive crests of a transverse wave 1.20 m apart. Eight crests pass a given point 12.0 s. What is the wave speed? F. 0.667 m/s G. 0.800 m/s H. 1.80 m/s J. 9.60 m/s

  37. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Short Response 17. Green light has a wavelength of 5.20  10–7 m and a speed in air of 3.00  108 m/s. Calculate the frequency and the period of the light.

  38. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Short Response 17. Green light has a wavelength of 5.20  10–7 m and a speed in air of 3.00  108 m/s. Calculate the frequency and the period of the light. Answer: 5.77  1014 Hz, 1.73  10–15 s

  39. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 18. What kind of wave does not need a medium through which to travel?

  40. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 18. What kind of wave does not need a medium through which to travel? Answer: electromagnetic waves

  41. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued 19. List three wavelengths that could form standing waves on a 2.0 m string that is fixed at both ends.

  42. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued • 19. List three wavelengths that could form standing waves on a 2.0 m string that is fixed at both ends. • Answer: Possible correct answers include 4.0 m, 2.0 m, 1.3 m, 1.0 m, or other wavelengths such that nl = 4.0 m (where n is a positive integer).

  43. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response 20. A visitor to a lighthouse wishes to find out the height of the tower. The visitor ties a spool of thread to a small rock to make a simple pendulum. Then, the visitor hangs the pendulum down a spiral staircase in the center of the tower. The period of oscillation is 9.49 s. What is the height of the tower? Show all of your work.

  44. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response • 20. A visitor to a lighthouse wishes to find out the height of the tower. The visitor ties a spool of thread to a small rock to make a simple pendulum. Then, the visitor hangs the pendulum down a spiral staircase in the center of the tower. The period of oscillation is 9.49 s. What is the height of the tower? Show all of your work. • Answer: 22.4 m

  45. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued • 21. A harmonic wave is traveling along a rope. The oscillator that generates the wave completes 40.0 vibrations in 30.0 s. A given crest of the wave travels 425 cm along the rope in a period of 10.0 s. What is the wavelength? Show all of your work.

  46. Chapter 11 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued • 21. A harmonic wave is traveling along a rope. The oscillator that generates the wave completes 40.0 vibrations in 30.0 s. A given crest of the wave travels 425 cm along the rope in a period of 10.0 s. What is the wavelength? Show all of your work. • Answer: 0.319 m

  47. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Transverse Waves

  48. Section 3 Properties of Waves Chapter 11 Longitudinal Waves

  49. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Constructive Interference

  50. Section 4 Wave Interactions Chapter 11 Destructive Interference

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