Kiyoshi Kubo 2008.04

1. Electron beam in undulators of e+ source- Emittance and orbit angle with quad misalignment and corrections- Effect of beam pipe wakefiled Kiyoshi Kubo 2008.04

2. Part1. Emittance and orbit angle with quad misalignment and corrections Review of old work Report in ILC LET meeting at Daresbury Main Concerns were: • Radiation in undulators may increase transverse emittance if there is dispersion • Section by section orbit angle change, then gamma-ray angle change, can make polarization of e+ impossible.

3. Lattice and assumption • Undulator: • Field 1T • Period 14 mm • Total undulator length 119 m • 11.9 m between quadrupole magnets, 10 sections • No field errors, no misalignment • Lattice: • Quadrupole magnet every 12.4 m, • x 70 deg. y 90 deg. per FODO cell • Quad-BPM-dipole corrector package • Errors • Quad offset 0.3 mm, rotation 0.3 mrad • BPM offset 10 micron w.r.t. quad, rotation 0.3 mrad • No wakefield Parameters are not exactly the same as present design, but probably the difference is not too significant for rough estimations here. (or, scaling will be possible.)

4. Kick Minimization Quad magnet, BPM and steering magnets should be attached.

5. Helical Undulator in SAD • Simulation used computer code SAD • Helical undulator is not supported as a standard magnet. • Represented by series of bend magnets • 16 bend magnets/period (0.875 mm/magnet) • Rotate i-th magnet by (360/16)*i deg.

6. Beam Energy and Energy Spread vs. s

7. Emittance increase in the undulator section • Quad offset 0.3 mm, rotation 0.3 mrad • BPM offset 10 micron w.r.t. quad, rotation 0.3 mrad • KM steering, 100 random seeds. With undulator (radiation) No undulator (replaced by drift space) average 0.38 nm average 0.16 nm

8. Orbit angle distribution Each set consists of 10 points (There are 10 undulator sections, each of which is between two quadrupole magnets.). Each point represents orbit angle at the entrance of a quadrupole magnet after each undulator section. Note: 1/gamma = 3.3e-6. sx’ ~ 2-3e-6, sy’ << sx’ Note: Design y’ is not zero, to make overall orbit straight. We assumed ends of each undulator have horizontal field.

9. Distribution of r.m.s. of orbit angle Below 1/gamma

10. Summary of part 1 Misalignment of quadrupole magnets 0.3 mm. Orbit correction (KM steering) We assumed a good BPM and a dipole corrector attached to every quadrupole magnet. • Radiation in undulators with dispersion • Vertical emittance increase ~ 1 nm or less. OK. • Section by section orbit angle change, • Angle distribution ~ 2 mrad or less (<1/g). Probably OK.

11. Part 2. Effect of beam pipe resistive wake • Rough estimation of effects of resistive wall wake to transverse (vertical) motion. Dependence on Wake-potential (W_T) • Wakefield itself was studied by: • Dr. Thesis of Duncan J. Scott • But, it assumed • bunch length 0.15 mm (0.3 mm is nominal. The longer the bunch, the larger the W_T) • beam pipe radius 1mm or 2 mm. (Looks too small.) • So, I did rough estimation of W_T too.

12. Transverse wake for short bunch K.L.F.Bane, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A. vol. 22, p 3736, 2007 and thesis of Duncan J. Scott , For 0.3 mm bunch length, Peak of wake potential ~ s-1/2 b-3 ~ 200V/pC/m2for Cu 77K(s=500 MW-1),radius= 2.38 mm

13. Rough estimation of effect to beam motion • Wake potential: WT [V/pC/m^2] • Relevant beam pipe length: L [m] • Beam - beam pipe center offset: y [micron] • Bunch charge = 3.2 nC • Beam energy = 150 GeV  Kick angle of bunch tail: Dq [nrad] ~2 x 10-5 * WT * L * y The kick angle should be compared with angular divergence: sy’ = sqrt(ey /by ) ~ 60nrad • ey ~ 2 10-8/g = 7 x 10-14m • by ~ 20 m

14. Effect of Beam Orbit Jitter (Faster than corrections) • Wake potential: WT[V/pC/m^2] • Relevant beam pipe length: L[m]~ 200 • Vertical beam jitter: y[micron]~sy ~ 1 Dq[nrad] ~4 x 10-3 * WT Requiring Dq << sy’~ 60[nrad]  WT <<1.5 x 104[V/pC/m^2] This limit is 75 times bigger than the estimated WT for the case of Cu 77K (s=500 MW-1) andradius= 2.38 mm. OK.

15. Effect of Beam Pipe misalignment(Pipe center - beam offset) (Relevant beam pipe length can be set as beta-function. ) • Wake potential: WT [V/pC/m^2] • Relevant beam pipe length: L [m] ~ b ~ 20 • Total length/relevant length: n ~ 200/20 = 10 • Vertical movement: y [micron] • Dq[nrad] ~4 x 10-4 * WT * y*sqrt(n) • (Assuming each 20 m is randomly misaligned) Requiring Dq << sy’~ 60[nrad]  WT [V/pC/m^2] * y [micron] <<4.7 x 104 Assuming WT for the case of Cu 77K (s = 500 MW-1) andradius= 2.38 mm, this means y [micron] <<240 Assume corrections (minimize down stream emittance, changing either orbit or pipe position), the tolerance for static misalignment will be larger.  Probably OK. But we will need diagnostics (emittance measurement) section after the undulators.

16. Summary Misalignment of quadrupole magnets 0.3 mm. With a good BPM and a dipole corrector attached to every quadrupole magnet. • Radiation in undulators with dispersion • Vertical emittance increase ~ 1 nm or less. OK. • Section by section orbit angle change, • Angle distribution ~ 2 mrad or less (<1/g). Probably OK. Effect of resistive wall wakes Assuming 2.38 mm radius, Cold Cu beam pipe • Effect of beam orbit jitter will be negligible. • Alignment (pipe center to beam) should be much better than 240 micron, assuming no corrections. • Will be loosened with corrections. • Need diagnostics section (emittance measurement) after the undulators. Question: Whether all important issues have been studied or not.