Human Sexual Trafficking and it’s Aftermath

1. Human Sexual Trafficking and it’s Aftermath __________________

2. Presentation- Brief Overview • Overview and Definitions • Background- International and U.S. • Recovery and Care of Survivors • Good practices around the world • Clinical approach in the public health setting • Ongoing initiatives for prevention

3. Trafficking Trafficking is the illegal trade in human beings for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor Trafficking is consistent with international definitions and protocols with slavery

5. TRAFFICKINGDEFINITIONS and BACKGROUND UN TRAFFICKING PROTOCOL DEFINES HUMAN TRAFFICKING as: Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of person by means of threat, force, or other forms of coercion, fraud, or deception

6. TRAFFICKINGDEFINITIONS and BACKGROUND • The consent of the victim is irrelevant whenever any of the “means” of trafficking are used. A child cannot consent. • Abuse of a position of vulnerability refers to any situation where the person involved has no reasonable or acceptable alternative but to submit to the person involved.

7. TRAFFICKINGDEFINITIONS and BACKGROUND • Fastest growing criminal industry in the world, tied with illegal arms trade and following the drug trade • Revenue may be between USD $5 billion and $9 billion

8. TRAFFICKINGDEFINITIONS and BACKGROUND • Council of Europe says trafficking has reached epidemic proportions over the last decade • UN estimates 2.5 billion people are now trafficked in 127 different countries • Statistics may be misleading, total unknown

9. TRAFFICKINGBackground and Definitions Trafficking for sexual purposes • May be found in dire circumstances and easily targeted • Majority of trafficking is for sexual purposes • Homeless, refugees, substance addicted, runaway teens, displaced homemakers, those in conflict areas, but victims are exploited from any ethnic and social background • Close connection with pornography, sex tourism

10. TRAFFICKINGBackground and Definitions • Gender of trafficking for sexual purposes Girls 80% Boys 20% • Research into gender - based differences in consequences is incomplete. Preliminary data has suggested notable differences.

11. Mongolia: Trafficking is an emerging phenomenon. Primary targets of trafficking schemes are young middle class girls and women, ranging in age from 14 years to the mid-20s. They are often lured abroad by offers to study or work. Transit country for trafficking between China & Russia. Thailand: Much of cross-border trafficking in SEA involves Thailand. Burmese children make up the largest number of trafficked children into Thailand. Trafficking of boys into the fishing industry in the South is rife and unchecked. TRAFFICKINGBackground and Definitions

12. TRAFFICKINGBackground and Definitions ChinaWomen from Myanmar, Lao PDR, North Korea, Vietnam and Russia are trafficked to China for the purposes of prostitution or are forcibly married to Chinese men. Chinese women are also trafficked to other countries such as Malaysia, Burma, Taiwan, and Australia. JapanMany women are trafficked to Japan for work in the sex industry, from countries as varied as the Philippines, Taiwan, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Thailand, Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, Ukraine and Russia. Reported that a significant number are under 18 years of age

13. TRAFFICKINGBACKGROUND

14. TRAFFICKINGBACKGROUND

15. TRAFFICKINGBackground and Definitions

16. Human Sexual TraffickingU.S.A. (no endorsement)

17. TRAFFICKINGU.S.A. Trafficking Patterns in the U.S.

18. TRAFFICKINGU.S.A. ECPAT International • U.S. one of largest producers, distributors, and consumers of child pornography • Source country for child sex tourism • Vast majority of sexually exploited children are stigmatized and trivialized by law enforcement system. Victims often treated as offenders and not victims • Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) not yet ratified in U.S.- only one of two countries who have not done so (other country- Somalia)

19. TRAFFICKING Children- Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) Severe forms of trafficking includes any commercial sex act performed by a person under the age of 18. Any minor who is commercially sexually exploited is defined as a trafficking victim, whether or not movement has taken place. U.S. Trafficking Act, 2000

20. TRAFFICKINGU.S.A. Of the 45,000 to 50,000 victims that are brought to the U.S.A.: • 30,000 come from Asia- primary countries are China, Thailand, and Vietnam • 10,000 from Latin America • 5,000 from other countries, including the former Soviet Union, Romania, Africa • 14,500 to 17,500 are children

21. TRAFFICKING Children- Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) “…as many as 300,000 American youth may be at risk of commercial sexual exploitation at any time. Especially vulnerable are homeless and runaways.” Univ. of Pennsylvania, 2001, School of Social Work Study

22. Nationally 450,000 children run away from home each year.  1 out of every 3 teens on the street will be lured toward prostitution within 48 hours of leaving home. Statistically, this means at least 150,000 children lured into prostitution each year.

23. TRAFFICKING USA Miami Fl Portland OR Las Vegas NV Toledo OH Houston, TX

24. TRAFFICKINGU.S.A. • Federal Crime- penalties up to life • Cases of human trafficking in all 50 states • Children, adults, U.S. or foreign nationals, male or female • Advocacy and specialized agencies to care for victims is increasing

25. TRAFFICKINGImpact on Victims AFTERMATH OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR SEXUAL PURPOSES ON VICTIMS AND THEIR FAMILIES

26. Care and Treatment- International Common experiences of victims • Physical and emotional trauma • Prolonged Humiliation • Violence • Degradation • Unrelenting fear and abuse • Profound violation of human rights

27. Care and Treatment- International Consequences: • Commercial sexual exploitation is the most damaging form of abuse because it includes almost all forms of abuse- • Physical • Sexual • Psychological • Incorporates elements of many crimes including kidnapping, assault, battery, and others on a daily basis

28. Care and Treatment- International Associated factors that may increase vulnerability: • Relationship with early environment • Child and family risk factors- dysfunction, etc. • Extreme poverty • Gender inequality • Substance abuse • Myths • Community attitudes All contribute to vulnerability

29. Care and Treatment- International Consequences • Educational deprivation and deficits • Physical health problems- health, diet, beatings, lack of .. inter alia.. health care, hearing, vision, HIV/AIDs, tuberculosis, STD’s, skin infections, dental, etc.

30. Care and Treatment- International Emotional • Relationship with families • Depression, hopelessness • Guilt, shame, flashbacks • Nightmares, loss of confidence, self-esteem • Anxiety, relationships, behavioral problems, assertiveness

31. Care and Treatment- International Consequences Behavioral • attachment • mistrust of adults • sexualized behaviors • antisocial behaviors

32. Care and Treatment- International Essential Components of Comprehensive Care • Safety and security- including implementing all elements of a “Child Safe Organization” • Case management- multidisciplinary • Legal services

33. Care and Treatment- International Essential Components of Comprehensive Care • Access to appropriate referrals- law enforcement, medical, psychiatric, etc. • Trained staff- essential element, often requires outside training opportunities • Establish basic trust

34. Care and Treatment- International Essential Components of Care – International • Emergency shelters • Transit Centers • Short term shelters • Long term shelters

35. Care and Treatment- International Caring for Victims Medical Care • Appropriate physical exams • Basic blood work • HIV/AIDS and STD • Treatment for substance abuse • GYN exams as appropriate • Nutrition, hygiene, dental • Referrals for complex medical needs

36. Care and Treatment- InternationalEssential Components of Caring for Victims Vocational Training • Basic reading, writing, and numeracy • Business skills • Formal primary, secondary, and post-secondary education • Collectives, self-generating incomes

37. Care and Treatment- International Caring for Victims Educational Services • Preparation and attainment of competency skills to integrate into educational system • Remedial education and Accelerated Learning Programs (ALP) • Inclusive learning for physical or intellectually challenged

38. Care and Treatment- International Caring for Victims Educational Services • Preparation for state examinations, high school and college entry exams, or skills required for trade schools • Ability to detect learning disorders and provide available referrals and resources

39. Care and Treatment- International Caring for Victims Psychosocial care • Controversy exists about individualized therapy • Family and community liaison where possible • Integration of community-centered approaches • Group supportive, solution - oriented therapy

40. Care and Treatment- International Essential Components of Caring for Victims Psychosocial care • Preparation for re-integration • Cognitive restructuring and reframing- move to multi-dimensional self identification • Opportunities for accessing local traditions, customs, and beliefs

41. Care and Treatment- International Caring for Victims Psychosocial care • Mental health referrals available for severe pathology • Life Skills training – now seen as an integral component

42. Care and Treatment- International Caring for Victims Psychosocial care • Support healthy defenses, explore and support hidden skills and talents • Integrate spiritual beliefs and traditional healing practices • Problem – solving skills • Family counseling and therapy

43. Care and Treatment- International Caring for Victims Barriers • Community attitudes and beliefs • Pre-existing family dysfunction • Relapse common • Weak law enforcement • Blaming the victim • Severe emotional trauma (often dependent on age and duration of abuse)

44. Care and Treatment- International Good Practices and Programs International

45. Care and Treatment- International Established programs

46. Care and Treatment- International Established programs • Founded in 1987 and formally registered in 1989, SANLAAP is a non-government development organization • SANLAAP works to prevent human trafficking and to prevent second-generation prostitution • .

47. Care and Treatment- International Established programs • Founded by IndraniSinha, Sanlaap means “dialogue” • Runs four shelters around Kolkata, caring for an average 200 girls • Most girls are victims of sexual abuse and trafficking. • Large HIV+ population • Comprehensive program, including self defense training, textile shop, bakery, and small contracts for hand-woven stationery products. This has provided some self-generating income

48. Care and Treatment- International Examples Sanlaap-India

49. Care and Treatment- International Examples Sanlaap-India • Integrated into residential communities with no demarcating signs • Counselors trained by volunteers, local NGOs, and international agencies • Teaches girls how to navigate “systems”, including legal actions, police, social welfare, and health • Encourages advocacy, involved in research

50. Care and Treatment- International Examples • Outreaches to red-light districts to offer rescue and services • Outreaches also are made with the purpose of learning from sex workers to plan future interventions based on current grooming or trafficking trends