1 / 27

Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Childhood Disorders. Behavior Disorders. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Conduct Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Symptoms of ADHD. Inattention Does not pay attention, loses things frequently, is easily distracted, is forgetful. Hyperactivity

luz
Download Presentation

Chapter 13

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 13 ChildhoodDisorders

  2. Behavior Disorders • Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) • Conduct Disorder • Oppositional Defiant Disorder

  3. Symptoms of ADHD • Inattention • Does not pay attention, loses things frequently, is easily distracted, is forgetful. • Hyperactivity • Fidgets with hands or feet and squirms in seat, leaves seat when inappropriate, runs around or climbs excessively, often talks excessively, has difficulty engaging in quiet activities. • Impulsivity • Blurts out responses while others are talking, has difficulty waiting his or her turn), often interrupts or intrudes on others.

  4. Proposed Etiologies for ADHD Immaturity of the brain, particularly frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, and corpus callosum Genetic predisposition Prenatalandbirthcomplications Disrupted family

  5. Conduct Disorderand Oppositional Defiant Disorder

  6. Etiologies for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Geneticpredisposition Deficits in brain regions involved in planning and controlling behavior Difficult temperament Lower physiological arousal to punishment Serotonin imbalances

  7. Etiologies for Conduct Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder, continued Higher testosterone level Poor parental supervision, parental uninvolvement, and parental violence Delinquent peer groups Cognitions that promote aggression

  8. Feedback Loop Can Develop Conduct Disorder Assume others will be aggressive Incident with another child Attribute incident to intentional act Respond aggressively Other child retaliates or seeks help from adults Conductdisorder child’s beliefs that others are against him or her are reinforced

  9. Psychological and Social Therapies for Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorders • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy:teach problem-solving skills, teach “self-talk,” discuss real and hypothetical situations, and practice appropriate responses. • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in a Group Setting: inclusion of other children, or parents, which can be effective in reducing aggressive and impulsive behavior in children, particularly at home. • Ethnic/Racial Differences in Interventions for Antisocial Behavior:criminal justice system, correctional schools, incarceration vs. hospitalization.

  10. Symptoms of Separation Anxiety Disorder • Excessive distress when separated from home or caregivers, or is anticipating separation • Persistent and excessive worry about losing, or harm coming to, caregivers • Excessively fearful about being alone • Nightmares about separation • Repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from caregivers occurs or is anticipated

  11. Proposed Etiologies for Separation Anxiety Disorder Biological: may be genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders, including separation anxiety and panic attacks. Behavioral inhibition: children are born with an inhibited, fearful temperament. Traumatic and uncontrollable events: traumatic events can cause chronic uncontrollability; parents may encourage fearful behavior or not encourage independence.

  12. Enuresis Unintended urination at least 2x/week for 3 months Child over 5 years of age Causes may be genetic, or anxiety/conflicts, or inappropriate toilet training Treated with medications, bell and pad method Encopresis Unintended defecation at least 1x/month for 3 months Child over 4 years of age Usually begins after episodes of severe constipation Treated with medication and behavioral contracting Elimination Disorders

  13. Disorders of Cognitive, Motor, and Communication Skills

  14. Criteria for Mental Retardation • Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, indicated by an IQ of approximately 70 or below • Onset before age 18

  15. Criteria for Mental Retardation, continued • Significant deficits in at least two of the following areas: 1. Communication 2. Self-care 3. Home living 4. Social or interpersonal skills 5. Use of community resources

  16. Criteria for Mental Retardation, continued • Significant deficits in at least two of the following areas: 6. Self-direction 7. Academic skills 8. Work 9. Leisure 10. Health 11. Personal safety

  17. Levels of Mental Retardation • Mild mental retardation: IQ scores from 70 to 55/50 • Moderate mental retardation: IQ scores from 55/50 to 40/35 • Severe mental retardation: IQ scores from 40/35 to 25/20 • Profound mental retardation: IQ scores below 25/20

  18. Proposed levels of mental retardation • Intermittent support (episodic need) • Limited support (needed for specific periods of time) • Extensive support (needed regularly for an extended period of time) • Pervasive support (life-long, intense need).

  19. Biological Causes of Mental Retardation • Genetic contributions to mental retardation • Prenatal environment • Drugs and alcohol • Infectious diseases (e.g., rubella, syphilis) • Severe head trauma

  20. Organic Mental Retardation Typically diagnosed in infancy. There is a clear history or indicators of a biological abnormality. The severity of retardation is profound, severe, or moderate. Parents and siblings are likely to have intellectual functioning similar to that of the general population. Socioeconomic status is representative of that of the general population. Physical health is poorer than in the general population.Treatments can improve functioning but not cure the condition.

  21. Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation • It is typically diagnosed at school age • There may be no history or indicators of biological abnormality • The severity of retardation is often mild • Impairments are specific to certain situations

  22. Cultural-Familial Mental Retardation, continued • Parents and siblings are more likely to have mild retardation • Occurs often in lower socioeconomic groups • Physical health is about the same as that in the general population • Treatments may cure the condition entirely

  23. Treatments for Mental Retardation

  24. Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Asperger’s Disorder Rett’s Disorder Pervasive Developmental Disorders

  25. Tic Disorders • Tourette’s disorder • Chronic motor or focal tic disorder • Transient tic disorder

  26. Feeding and eating disorders • Pica • Rumination disorder • Feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood

  27. Other childhood disorders • Selective mutism • Reactive attachment disorder • Stereotypic movement disorder

More Related