Chapter 13: Energy Resources

1. Chapter 13: Energy Resources

2. Energy - Introduction • U.S. oil consumption  ~ 22 million barrels/day • Exxon’s, Girassol Field, Angola • Hubbard’s “Peak Oil”; global vs. U.S. production • Energy future  hydrogen?

3. Girassol Offshore Field • Girassol field  Angola, Africa • Discovered in 1996, Elf Exploration Angola • Offshore, deep water field  4500 ft. deep • ~100 miles offshore

4. Girassol • Oil hosted in  sandstone reservoirs ~3000 ft. below seafloor • Outer edge of Congo River delta  organic rich sediment • Produces ~200,000 barrels/day • $2.7 billion development costs • Total reserves est. ~750+ million barrels

8. M. King Hubbard’s global “peak oil” prediction (1956), predicted U.S. peak between 1965-1970.

10. Energy Resources Chapter Objectives • Fossil Fuels • Non-fossil fuel energy resources • Environmental considerations; extraction & waste products

11. I. Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels hydrocarbon-based energy sources from organic-rich sedimentary deposits • Petroleum, natural gas, coal

12. I. Fossil Fuels • Hydrocarbons & Petroleum • Simple to complex, H-C based molecules • Table 14.1 • Crude oil (petroleum) is refined (cracking) into various compounds • Gasoline is a product of the refining-cracking process

14. I. Fossil Fuels B. Geologic Origin of Petroleum • 5 main “steps or conditions” needed • Source rock rich in organics • Heatingto “oil window” needed • ~50-150oC = 100-200oF • 3-5 km = 1-3 miles burial

15. Geologic origin of petroleum 3. Reservoir rock & fluid migration 4. Caprock needed  prevents leakage 5. Geologic trap  geologic structures

18. Fig. 14-2, p. 416

19. I. Fossil Fuels C. Oil Production • Exploration • Identify targets via geology • Field surveys 2. Drilling • Vertical vs. slant vs. horizontal (directional) & multilateral

20. Modern Exploration

23. Fig. 14-5, p. 417

25. Fig. 14-7, p. 418

26. Modern Exploration Drilling

27. Offshore drilling

29. I. Fossil Fuels 3. Pumping

30. I. Fossil Fuels 4. Secondary Recovery • Extraction of remaining petroleum after standard recovery • Thermal  steam injection • Fire flooding  air + fire = heat • Water injection (washing) • Miscible  light gas mixtures or CO2

31. Fig. 14-8, p. 418

32. I. Fossil Fuels 5. Delivery & Refining • Transport of crude to refineries • Pipelines vs. supertankers • Refining  converting petroleum crude into various hydrocabon compounds: Crude  refining  gasoline, etc….

34. BP, Gulf Oil Leak Disaster • Deepwater Horizon • Deep water drilling (exploration) ~5000’ • Blow out  explosion & fire  Apr. 20th, 2011 • Contained/capped  July 15th • Officially sealed, Sept. 20th, 2011 • 11 dead

35. BP, Gulf Oil Leak Disaster • Leak  ~35,000-60,000 barrels/day • 2.5 million gallons/day max. est. • Total  4.9 million barrels, 206 million gallons • Where did it all go?

40. Where did it all go?

42. I. Fossil Fuels 6. Price • Market costs  OPEC major player in determining world market costs • “supply & demand”  since 2003, global demand (vs. supply) increasing significantly….why? • Refinery capacity  effects $$$ in U.S.

43. I. Fossil Fuels 7. Peak Oil? • Reserves that which can be extracted at profit • Global reserves  ~1200 bbl’s proven (2005) • Have global reserves peaked?

44. U.S. Production vs. Import

45. Fig. 14-9, p. 419

46. Fig. 14-13, p. 422

47. Fig. 14.1

48. Fig. 14.2

49. Fig. 14.5

50. Fig. 14.11