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Physical & Human Geography

Explore the impact of the sun's rays, Earth's rotation, tectonic plate movements, landforms, earthquakes, and more in both physical and human geography. Learn about the Earth's layers, tectonic plates, water cycle, weather, climate patterns, and how they shape different environments.

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Physical & Human Geography

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  1. Physical & Human Geography Chapter 2

  2. Bell Ringer January 16, 2018 • Pg. 35 – Viewing Lab • When do the sun’s rays hit the Southern Hemisphere most directly? • This is the beginning of which season? • What happens to the sun in Iceland on the day of the Summer Solstice? Why? • How are the Spring & Autumn Equinox alike? • What happens to the length of days in the NH after the Spring Equinox? • December 21st or 22nd. • Summer • The Sun never sets since Iceland stays exposed to the sun all day and night • At both equinoxes, day and night are equal in length • The days grow longer

  3. Earth’s Movement • Earth rotates, or spins, on its axis. • Axis:an imaginary line that runs through Earth’s center between the North and South Poles. • Earth takes 24 hours to finish one complete spin on its axis.

  4. The Sun and the Seasons • Earth is tilted23.5 degrees on its axis. • As a result, seasons change as Earth makes its year-long orbit around the sun. • NH • SH

  5. Solstices & EquinoxesBeginning of the Four Seasons Summer Solstice: June 21. • Most hours of sunlight • Beginning of summer in the NH. Winter Solstice: December 22 • North Pole is tilted away from the sun. • Day with the fewest hours of sunlight • Beginning of Winter in NH

  6. Solstices & EquinoxesBeginning of the Four Seasons Equinoxes: when day and night are of equal length in both hemispheres • March 21:the vernal equinox (spring) occurs. • September 23: the autumnal equinox (fall)occurs. • On both of these days, the noon sun shines directly over the Equator.

  7. Essential Question • How is the Earth continually Changing? • Earth’s rotation on its axis causes the passage of day and night. The year-long revolution around the sun causes the four seasons.

  8. Bell Ringer January 19, 2018 • Page 37 • Which tectonic plate movement often results in volcanoes? • Which movement can cause earthquakes? • Subduction • Transform

  9. Earth’s Complex Structure – Pg. 36-37 • Earth’s Layers A. Crust: B. Mantle: C. Outer Core: D. Inner Core: 2. Tectonic Plates A. Definition of: B. Continental Drift: C. 4 Movements: D. Movements Cause ?

  10. Earth’s Landforms • Landforms: Physical features on the Earth’s surface SURFACE • Mountain: high steep elevation • Plain: level area • Plateau: plain that sits high above sea level OCEAN • Continental Shelf: edge of a continent which extends out under the water • Erosion: rocks & soil slowly break apart and are swept away

  11. Bell Ringer January 22, 2018 • Page 41 • Why do so many buildings collapse during an earthquake? • How do earthquakes and volcanoes affect people? • How have people tried to solve these problems? • They are not constructed to withstand earthquakes • Earthquake: Problem – buildings, bridges, and roads collapse Solution – engineers design buildings that do not collapse • Volcano: Problem – destroys plants, animals, and buildings Solution – Scientists predict when volcanoes will erupt

  12. Ring of Fire • Ring of Fire: circle of volcanoes and earthquakes along the rim, of the Pacific Ocean caused by a large tectonic plate under the ocean sliding against other plates.

  13. Water Cycle • Water Cycle: the water goes from the oceans to the air to the ground and finally back to the oceans. • Evaporation: water vapor rises up • Condensation: vapor cools & changes into droplets • Precipitation: water falls back to earth as rain as rain or snow • Runoff: water soaks into the ground & runs into rivers, lakes, & oceans

  14. Weather and Climate • Weather: refers to the unpredictable changes in air that take place over a short period of time. • Weather is affected by air masses & fronts

  15. Weather and Climate • Climate : the usual, predictable pattern of weather in an area over a long period of time. • It is affected by latitude, elevation, prevailing winds, & ocean currents

  16. One important wind pattern is the monsoon, tremendous seasonal winds that blow over continents for months at a time, bringing much needed rain to some areas.

  17. Storms • When warm, moist air systems meet cold air systems, thunderstorms may develop along with tornadoes.

  18. Storms • Hurricanes, or violent tropical storm systems, form over the warm Atlantic Ocean in late summer and fall. • In Asia they are called typhoons.

  19. Essential Question • What shapes the Earth’s varied environments? • Climate & Weather, Climate Regions, Extreme Weather, Natural Resources, Habitat Preservation, the Oceans.

  20. Activity – You Do • Data Lab – Page 43 • Which continent has two of the longest world rivers, & what are they? • How do you think the rivers have affected that continent? • How does the hydrologic cycle explain why rivers and lakes do not run out of water? • St Louis, Missouri is located just south of where the Missouri River flows into the Mississippi River. Why is this a good location for a major city? • Africa: Nile South America: Amazon • Cities have developed along the rivers • Water that goes up in evaporation returns in the form of precipitation • Excellent port for water trade

  21. Bell Ringer January 17, 2019 • Map Lab – Page 47 • What is the most common climate in northern Africa? How might this climate affect population? • How does the climate of western Europe differ from that of eastern Europe? • What advantages would humid temperate climates have for farming? For logging? • Dry – Arid, few people & little water & vegetation • Western Europe has a humid temperate climate/ Eastern Europe has a humid cold climate • Moderate temperatures & plenty of rain/ plenty of trees for wood

  22. Natural ResourcesChapter 2 • Natural Resources • Biological – livestock, plants, trees • Mineral – nonliving, oil, coal, raw materials, iron ore • Categories of Resources • Nonrenewable: limited & cannot be replaced ( oil, coal, ) • Renewable: can be replaced ( wind, water, solar, trees)

  23. Habitat Preservation Habitat: plant or animals' natural environment • Loss of habitat caused by: • Human interaction • Pollution Ecosystem: community of plants & animals habitat • Ecosystem’s interact & the destruction of one can affect another • ( Rainforest destruction -> Climate Change? )

  24. YOU DO • Reading Lab: Page 55 • What does Sylvia Earle hope to accomplish through the Mission Blue program? • How has human activity affected the world’s oceans? Cause ->Effect • She hopes to establish marine protected areas & to educate the public • Cause – overfishing; Effect – drop in fish population • Cause – pollution; Effect – destruction of natural habitats

  25. Essential Question • What shapes the earth’s varied environments? • Climate & Weather, Climate Regions, Extreme Weather, Natural Resources, Habitat Preservation, the Oceans.

  26. Bell Ringer January 24, 2018 • Pg. 53 • Why might an elephant’s habitat be desirable for farming in Kenya? • What steps are taken to restore forest habitats? • If the wolf population declines – how might cases of Lyme disease be affected? • Free of trees – soil good for plants • Trees are planted to replace cut trees • More cases from more deer

  27. Chapter 2 Review • It takes the Earth ______to make one revolution around the sun. • One Year • The ______is the layer of the Earth on which the tectonic plates rest. • Mantle • Evaporation: • When the sun heats the ocean & water vapor rises into the air

  28. _______is how long it takes the Earth to rotate once on its axis • One Day • In the __________Hemisphere, the Winter Solstice begins on December 21 or 22. • Northern • The Mantle of the Earth is made from _______rock. • Molten

  29. Land at the edge of a continent that extends under the ocean • Continental Shelf • Along the rim of the Pacific Plate where 75% of the world’s volcanos are located • Ring of Fire • When temperature causes vapor in the air to change back into water droplets • Condensation

  30. When the Sun’s rays hit Earth most and least directly • Solstice • A section of Earth’s crust • Tectonic Plate • Slow movement of the landmasses on the surface of the Earth • Continental Drift

  31. Violent shaking of Earth’s crust • Earthquake • Droplets grow heavy & fall to Earth as rain or snow • Precipitation • A body of water which flows from a higher elevation to a lower elevation • River

  32. When it rains or snows –____________is occurring • Precipitation • Heat is what makes water turn into _______ • Vapor • After the water falls back to Earth, it ________into bodies of water – rivers, lakes, oceans. • Runs off

  33. Christianity, Islam, & Judaism are _________religions because they believe in ONE God. • Monotheistic • Hindu is the religion found mostly in _______ • India

  34. Bell Ringer January 26, 2018 Page 60 – 61 READ With Teacher and Write & Answer Questions below • What is the difference between a monotheistic religion and a polytheistic religion? • How are Hinduism and Buddhism similar? • What major religions are found in the area around the eastern Mediterranean Sea? • Monotheistic: belief in one deity • Polytheistic: belief in many deities • Both emphasize the search for enlightenment or wisdom • Islam, Judaism

  35. Junior Scholastic: The Battle Over JerusalemJanuary 2018 Pages 12-15 • When & under what circumstances was Israel founded? • Why are Israelis & Palestinians in conflict? • What are some of the main obstacles standing in the way of Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement? • Why has President Donald Trump’s recent decision caused so much controversy? • How does the cartoon portray Trump’s decision?

  36. Answers to Close Reading • Israel was founded in 1948 after the United Nations voted to split Palestine into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. Jews accepted the plan & founded the nation of Israel. Arab leaders rejected the partition. • The struggle is rooted in competing claims over land, including the ancient city of Jerusalem. • Israel & the Palestinians both claim Jerusalem as their capital. They are also divided when it comes to where to establish the borders of a potential Palestinian state in the region. Another obstacle is what to do about the hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees who were displaced by war in 1948 and want the right to return. • His decision appears to be taking sides ( refer to Jerusalem Embassy Act 1995)

  37. Human GeographyChapter 2B • Culture: how people in a region live, behave, & think • Expressed by: Language, religion, beliefs, customs, art, music, dance, literature, theater, and symbols • Culture is learned & influences the way we live.

  38. Culture Regions • Culture Regions: areas that are unified by common cultural traits. • Example: Latin America ( Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, SA) Most speak Spanish or Portuguese & are Christian Catholics

  39. Civilization: a society that has a highly developed culture & technology • A civilization influences people’s values, religion, beliefs

  40. Essential Question • How has geography influenced cultures around the world? • Geography influences culture according to where people live, through religion, economics, politics, and families

  41. Bell Ringer January 24, 2019 • Page 63 – Data Lab • Which country has the largest population? The largest GDP per capita? • What can you conclude about the relationship between the two? • China • USA • Population has no correlation with GDP per capita

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