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Fueling the Body and Car: Understanding Respiration and ATP Energy

This informative text delves into how our body derives energy from food and the process of alcohol fermentation. It explains the essential role of respiration, ATP energy production, and the types of respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic. The intricate process of cellular respiration, involving glucose oxidation and oxygen consumption, as well as the production of ATP, is discussed in detail. It also covers the site of respiration, adaptive features of mitochondria, and the stages of aerobic respiration. Explore the fundamental concepts of respiration, energy transfer, and the significance of ATP in powering cellular activities.

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Fueling the Body and Car: Understanding Respiration and ATP Energy

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  1. A fuel for your body and your car The sugar in it can also undergo fermentation (發酵) to produce an alcohol.

  2. A fuel for your body and your car The alcohol can be used as a fuel to power vehicles.

  3. 1 How does our body obtain energy from the food we eat

  4. 2 How is alcohol produced from corn by fermentation

  5. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration?

  6. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • when food is burnt, it reacts with oxygen (oxidation 氧化): heat light O2 CO2 + H2O glucose

  7. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • when food is burnt, it reacts with oxygen (oxidation 氧化): - one step reaction - takes place anywhere - no enzyme involved - fast and violent reaction

  8. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • the large amount of heat released in burning kills living cells organisms undergo respiration (呼吸作用) the process by which organisms release energy from food through the controlled oxidative breakdown of food

  9. Sunlight energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Glucose CO2 + + H2O O2 Cellular respiration in mitochondria ATP (for cellular work) Heat energy Photosynthesis and respiration provide energy for life • Cellular respiration makes ATP and consumes O2 • During the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O

  10. O2 Breathing CO2 Lungs O2 CO2 Bloodstream Muscle cells carrying out Cellular Respiration Glucose + O2 CO2 +H2O +ATP 0 Respiration ‡ Breathing breathing supplies oxygen to our cells and removes carbon dioxide • Breathing provides for the exchange of O2 and CO2 between an organism and its environment Figure 6.2

  11. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • glucose is the most common substrate heat ATP O2 CO2 + H2O glucose (in the cell)

  12. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is respiration? • respiration: - a series of reactions - takes place in all living cells all the time - controlled by many enzymes - slow and gradual reactions

  13. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration O2 CO2 C6H12O6 6 6 H2O ATPs + + 6 + Carbon dioxide Glucose Energy Oxygen gas Water What is respiration? • overall equation: glucose CO2 H2O energy O2 enzymes

  14. 0 The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities ATP powers almost all cellular and body activities Table 6.4

  15. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • as energy carrier energy released from respiration ATP phosphorylation (磷酸化) ADP P

  16. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • as energy carrier energy released from respiration releases energy to cells ATP breakdown ADP P

  17. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • ATP releases energy for metabolic activities: - cell division - muscle contraction - transmission of nerve impulse

  18. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration What is the role of ATP? • ATP releases energy for metabolic activities: - synthesis of biomolecules protein amino acids - absorption of food molecules or minerals by active transport

  19. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration Types of respiration 1 Aerobic respiration (需氧呼吸) • requires oxygen • glucose is completely broken down • a large amount of energy is released

  20. 22.1 Basic concepts of respiration Types of respiration 2 Anaerobic respiration (缺氧呼吸) • does not require oxygen • glucose is only partly broken down • much less energy is released • products are different from aerobic respiration

  21. 22.2 Site of respiration • some reactions occur in the cytoplasm, some in the mitochondria

  22. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion 3D model • bound by a double membrane • outer membrane controls the movement of substances outer membrane

  23. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion • inner membrane is highly folded provides a large surface area to pack more enzymes inner membrane

  24. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion • mitochondrial matrix (基質)provides a fluid medium for reactions to take place • it also contains enzymes mitochondrial matrix

  25. 22.2 Sites of respiration Adaptive features of a mitochondrion • most energy in food is released inside mitochondria  active cells contain many mitochondria muscle cells

  26. 22.2 Sites of respiration 22.1 2 Identify various structures of the mitochondrion

  27. 22.3 Aerobic respiration • takes place in the presence of oxygen • three stages: glycolysis (糖酵解) Krebs cycle (克雷伯氏循環) oxidative phosphorylation (氧化磷酸化)

  28. 0 Food are highly reduced Cells tap energy from foods by oxidization Energy are tapped when electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen • Electrons lose potential energy • During their transfer from organic compounds to oxygen

  29. NADH High-energy electrons carried by NADH NADH FADH2 and OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis) GLYCOLYSIS CITRIC ACID CYCLE Glucose Pyruvate Mitochondrion Cytoplasm ATP CO2 CO2 ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation 0 An overview of cellular respiration

  30. Loss of hydrogen atoms (oxidation) C6H12O6 6 CO2 Energy 6 O2 + 6 H2O + + Glucose (ATP) Gain of hydrogen atoms (reduction) 0 • When glucose is converted to carbon dioxide • It loses hydrogen atoms, which are added to oxygen, producing water Figure 6.5A

  31. Oxidation H + O 2H H O Dehydrogenase Reduction H+ NAD+ NADH + 2H + (carries 2 electrons) 2H+ 2e + 0 Dehydrogenase removes electrons (in hydrogen atoms) from fuel molecules (oxidation) • And transfers them to NAD+ (reduction) Figure 6.5B

  32. NADH ATP NAD+ + 2e Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP H+ Electron transport chain 2e 1 O2 2 H+ 2 H2O 0 • NADH passes electrons to an electron transport chain • As electrons “fall” from carrier to carrier and finally to O2 • Energy is released in small quantities / controlled

  33. 22.3 Aerobic respiration Glycolysis • occurs in the cytoplasm • does not require oxygen

  34. H+ 2 + 2 NAD+ 2 NADH Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 2 P ATP 2 ADP 0 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate • In glycolysis, ATP is used to energize a glucose molecule • Which is split into two molecules of pyruvate Figure 6.7A

  35. A summary of glycolysis

  36. Bad news: glycolysis involves 10 complicated steps!

  37. Detailed steps: Energy-requiring phase

  38. Detailed steps: Energy-releasing phase

  39. Good news: that’s all you need to know in DSE! • overall equation: glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C)

  40. Good news: that’s all you need to know in DSE! • overall equation: 2 NAD+ 2 NADH glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C)

  41. Good news: that’s all you need to know in DSE! • overall equation: 2 NAD+ 2 NADH glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP

  42. Good news: that’s all you need to know in DSE! • overall equation: 2 NAD+ 2 NADH glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate (3-C) 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 ATP transported to mitochondrion

  43. 22.3 Aerobic respiration ‘Energy investment’ phase of glycolysis - Breakdown of glucose to triose phosphate glucose (6-C) 2 ATP 2 ADP + Pi 2 triose phosphate (3-C)

  44. 22.3 Aerobic respiration ‘Energy payoff’ phase of glycolysis - Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate 2 triose phosphate (3-C) 2 NAD+ 4ADP+4 Pi 2 NADH 4ATP 2 pyruvate (3-C)

  45. 22.3 Aerobic respiration Glycolysis - Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate 2 triose phosphate (3-C) 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 4ATP as hydrogen carrier 2 pyruvate (3-C)

  46. 22.3 Aerobic respiration ‘Energy payoff’ phase of glycolysis - Production of ATP 2 triose phosphate (3-C) 4ADP+4 Pi 4ATP 2 pyruvate (3-C)

  47. 0 Glycolysis produces ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation high energy phosphate- carrying molecules are produced in the conversion of TP to pyruvate a phosphate group is transferred from the high energy phosphate- carrying molecules to ADP

  48. Substrate level phosphorylation high energy molecule high energy molecule

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