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Water Treatment for the Future: Living and Sustainable Filtration Membranes

Water Treatment for the Future: Living and Sustainable Filtration Membranes. October 18, 2018 Montana AWRA Annual Conference C. Eggensperger 1 , M. Giagnorio 2 , K. R. Zodrow 1 1 Montana Tech of the University of Montana (Butte, USA) 2 Politecnico di Torino, (Torino, Italy).

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Water Treatment for the Future: Living and Sustainable Filtration Membranes

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  1. Water Treatment for the Future: Living and Sustainable Filtration Membranes October 18, 2018 Montana AWRA Annual Conference C. Eggensperger1, M. Giagnorio2, K. R. Zodrow1 1 Montana Tech of the University of Montana (Butte, USA) 2Politecnico di Torino, (Torino, Italy)

  2. What is a Living Filtration Membrane??? • This is a truly biological membrane containing bacteria which promote self-healing! • Only done synthetically thus far • Recovery of flux with 2mm hole! Flux (LMH) LFM Robeson Plot MF UF Selectivity (µm)

  3. Presentation Agenda • Experimental Objectives • Conventional & Membrane Water Treatment Processes • Membrane Filtration • Advantages & Disadvantages • Synthetic Self-Healing Membranes • This Project! • Living Filtration Membranes (LFM)s • Characterization of LFMs – Results • Ongoing Research, Conclusion

  4. Experimental Objectives • Living Filtration Membrane (LFM) • Living, truly biological membrane (bacterial cellulose) • Fabricated using non-toxic ingredients • Intrinsic ability to self-heal • Sustainable and low cost treatment process! • Initial Research Objectives: • Grow LFMs and develop methods for testing • Characterize LFM water filtration properties • Test viability of LFMs under different environmental conditions

  5. Conventional Water System Oxidant/ Disinfectant Chlorine Membranes Effluent to Distribution System Coagulant pH Control Granular Filtration Flocculation/ Sedimentation Screening Flash Mix Storage Removal of large particles and debris Other particles begin to stick together Improved taste and odor Newly “formed” particles settle more easily Raw Water Adapted from: Crittenden, J. C., Tchobanoglous, G., Howe, K. J., Hand, D. W., & Trussell, R. R. (2012). Water treatment principles and design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. 

  6. Membrane Filtration: Basic Concept – Size Exclusion Microfiltration UltrafiltrationNanofiltration Reverse Osmosis Water Particles, Colloids, Bacteria Proteins, VirusMultivalent IonsMonovalent Ions LFMs

  7. Membrane Filtration: Advantages, Disadvantages ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Membrane Fouling Maintenance and Repair Cost to Fabricate Harmful Chemicals • High Efficient Contaminant Removal • No Chemicals • Easily Combined with Other Processes Source: (1) Xie, et al, (2) Getachew, et al., (3) Mattia, et al.

  8. Synthetic Self-Healing Membranes • Self-Repairing Membranes for Inflatable Structures • Electrospun Membranes that Self-heal • Microcapsule-Embedded Self-Healing Membranes Source: (1) Rampf, et al, (2) Feng, et al, (3) Kim, et al. (full references at end of presentation)

  9. The Project: First Months – Task, Perfecting Membrane Growth • LFMs were grown in the laboratory according to the method of Sreeramulu, et al. • Trials were conducted to discern amounts of ingredients for desirable membrane thickness Source: Sreeramulu, G., Zhu, Y., Knol, W. (2000). Kombucha fermentation and its microbial activity. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 48(6), 2589-94. 

  10. LFM Characterization • Permeability Testing • Measuring flux across the membrane surface at various pressures • Selectivity • Molecular Weight Cutoff Testing • Confocal Microscopy • Self-Healing • Measuring permeability before and after puncturing membrane 

  11. Characterizing Permeability: Laboratory Bench Scale Experimental Setup Feed Reservoir Filtration Cell Computer Permeate Reservoir Compressed Air Digital Balance

  12. Characterization: Permeability, Equipment Used Bottom of Filtration Cell, red gasket holding LFM in place Filtration Cell

  13. Performing a Self-Healing Test • Measure permeability • Put a huge hole in the membrane! • Test permeability again • Place in growth solution • Allow to heal. Measure again!

  14. Permeability increases with storage time in media without carbon source

  15. Not the same in Deionized Water storage

  16. LFMs are Ultrafiltration Membranes! • 3µm – 100% Rejection • 0.2µm – 100% Rejection • 0.1µm – 100% Rejection • 0.05µm – 100% Rejection • 0.01µm = 10nm – 70% Rejection Source: (1) Palynological Database (paldat.org), (2) EurekAlert (eurekalert.org), (3) Health and Safety at Work (healthandsafetyatwork.com), (4) UAF Center for Distance Education

  17. LFMs heal themselves!

  18. Conclusions • Membranes can be fabricated using non-toxic ingredients. • LFMs are cellulose ultrafiltration membranes showing higher permeability compared to commercial cellulose UF membranes • Membranes can heal themselves given proper time and solution

  19. Acknowledgements • Dr. Katherine Zodrow, Advisor • Bev Hartline, MT Tech Graduate School Research • Montana Tech Seed Grant • Jeanne Larson • MattiaGiagnorio, PhD • Dr. Xufei Yang • Sandy Ross, Harmen Steele – University of MT • Committee – Dr. Raja Nagasetty, Dr. Daqian Jiang, Dr. Martha Apple • Research was sponsored by the Army Research Laboratory and was accomplished under Cooperative Agreement Number W911NF-15-2-0020

  20. References • Getachew, B.A., Kim, S-R., Kim, J-H. (2017). Self-Healing Hydrogel Pore-Filled Water Filtration Membranes. Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 905-913. • Xie, M., Luo, W., Guo, H., Nghiem, L.D., Tang, C.Y., Gray, S.R. (2018). Trace organic contaminant rejection by aquaporin forward osmosis membrane: Transport mechanisms and membrane stability. Water Research, 132, 90-98. • Rampf, M., Speck, O., Speck, T., Luchsinger, R.H. (2011). Self- Repairing Membranes for Inflatable Structures Inspired by a Rapid Wound Sealing Process of Climbing Plants. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 8, 244-250. • Feng, W., Liu, L., Li, T., Dang, Z., Qiao, C., Xu, J., Wang, Y. (2015). Electrospun N‐Substituted Polyurethane Membranes with Self‐Healing Ability for Self‐Cleaning and Oil/Water Separation. Chemistry – A European Journal, 22(3), 878-883. • Kim, S-R., Getachew, B.A., Park, S-J., Kwon, O-S., Ryu, W-H., Taylor, A.D., Bae, J., Kim, J-H. (2017). Toward Microcapsule-Embedded Self-Healing Membranes. Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 3, 216- 221. • Mattia, D., Leese, H., Lee, K.P. (2015). Carbon nanotube membranes: From flow enhancement to permeability. Journal of Membrane Science, 475, 266-272.

  21. Questions? Thank You!

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