Chapter 13: Urban Patterns

1. Chapter 13: Urban Patterns The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Central Business Districts (CBD) Highly accessible

4. Central Business Districts (CBD) • Highly accessible • CBD Retail services • Retailers with a high threshold • Department stores • 1960s/1970s shift to malls • Retailers with a high range • Infrequent patrons • also shift to malls • Now attract tourist shoppers • Retailers serving downtown workers • small specialty shops • Business services in the CBD • Proximity to other professionals, government offices • Accessible to all types of workers • expanding

5. CBD of Charlotte, NC

6. Competition for land in the CBD • High land costs • Ex.: most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo • Intensive land use • Underground areas • Subways, loading docks, utility lines, pedways • Skyscrapers • Chicago (Home Insurance Building) 1880s • Iron frame and elevators • Give cities distinctive character • “Vertical geography” nature of use changes as you go up • Retailers → professionals → residential

7. Competition for land in the CBD • Activities excluded from the CBD • Lack of industry in the CBD • Once located near water access and piers • Waterfronts now used for recreation, tourism, retail • Now → modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land • Lack of residents in the CBD • once population centers (mansions, tenements) • Push and pull factors involved • Population returning (lofts, empty-nesters, proximity to nightlife culture, don’t care about schools, etc.) • CBDs outside North America • Less dominated by commercial considerations. • More public use and higher population • restrictions to maintain character → tourism • Older buildings renovated

8. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? • Models of urban structure • Are used to explain where people/services are distributed within metropolitan areas • Three original models, all developed in one city • Chicago • Concentric zone model • Sector model • Multiple nuclei model

9. Concentric Zone Model

10. Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923) • CBD • Zone of transition • Industry, poor quality housing, subdivided larger homes • Immigrants • Zone of working class homes • Modest, stable • Multi-dwelling (two-flats, etc.) • Zone of middle class homes • Single family, yards, garages • today’s bungalow belt • Commuter zone • Upper/upper middle-class class • Today’s suburbs

11. Bid-rent Theory

12. Sector Model Figure 13-5

13. Hoyt’s Sector Model (1939) • Sectors not rings develop • Certain sectors are more/less attractive • Pattern builds on itself • Therefore sectors radiating from center are created • Industry follows transportation routes • Lower class housing gravitates towards industrial sector

14. Multiple Nuclei Model

15. Harris/Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) • Cities develop more than one center around which activities develop • Certain land use activities are compatible or incompatible together. • Airports ↔ warehouses • Heavy Industry ≠ high class housing • Draw Chgo on board using all three models.

16. Peripheral/Galactic Model • Chauncy Harris adds ring highway (development of a “periphery”) to multiple nuclei model • newer idea, car dependent, urban sprawl • Decentralization of the CBD • (development of the periphery) • Edge cities surrounding the central city

17. Urban Realms Model • Growth of suburbs • Autos and ring highways • New transportation corridors • Suburbs now more independent of CBD • Suburban downtowns develop • Los Angeles, Atlanta • Edge cities

18. Where Are People Distributedin Urban Areas? • Geographic application of the models • Social area analysis • Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities • use census tracts • Criticism of the models • Models may be too simple • Models may be outdated (between WWI and WWII)

19. Applying the models outside North America • European cities • In past, social segregation was vertical • Poor in basements/attics • Wealthy • live in inner city (different than US) • follow sector radiating from center (like Hoyt model) • Poor • Clustered on outskirts (high-rise apts. = “projects”) • Avoids urban sprawl • They don’t scare tourists

20. Income Distribution in the Paris Region

21. Griffin-Ford Latin American Cities • wealthy push from center in an elite residential sector • “spine” develops to service needs of wealthy • Often along boulevard • Zone of maturity • Middle-class, well-kept • Zone of in situ accretion • Lower working class • Moving up or down • Squatter settlements • Outside highway ring • perifico • Ciudades perdades, favelas

22. Other non-Western urban models • SE Asian Model • McGee (1967) • Port is focus • Semi-periphery serving core • CBD split into sep. clusters • Govt. zone • Western commercial zone • Alien commercial zone • Dominated by Chinese • Larger middle-class on outskirts

23. Other non-Western urban models • Africa • Fastest growing cities • Difficult to model • 3 CBDs • Old colonial • Vertical development • informal/periodic • Open air • Transitional • Curbside single story • Encircled by ethnic or mixed neighborhoods • Mining and manufacturing sector • Squatter settlements

24. Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges • Most significant = deteriorating housing • Filtering = subdividing mansions into small apts. • Successive waves fo immigrants • Redlining = refuse to loan money in certain areas • Illegal but difficult to enforce • Urban renewal • Govt. removes blight → to developers/public agencies • Public housing • Gentrification • Middle-class renovate inner city housing • Vintage housing, proximity to work/cultural activities • Especially single or couples without children = don’t care about schools • Alters ethnic patterns

25. Ethnic/Class Change in Chicago • CBD pop. growing • Gentrification • North lakefront • Spreads north and west • South Loop • West Loop • Maxwell St./Pilsen • Resembles 3rd world pattern?

26. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? • Inner-city social issues • The underclass • An unending cycle of social and economic issues • Homelessness • Culture of poverty

27. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges? • Inner-city economic issues • Eroding tax base • Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes • Impact of the recession • Housing market collapse

28. Intraregional migration in the United States • Migration from “city” to suburban areas • “suburbanization” • post WWII = spend, spend, spend = consumerism • Great Depression & WWII • increased savings but rationing • returning veterans = housing shortage = govt. programs • FHA = lower down payment, longer mortgages • GI Bill = low interest loans, education costs • Automobiles • become ‘necessity’, highways built • Baby Boom = space needed to raise children

30. Suburbanization Push Factors Pull factors suburban lifestyle space (yards, green) good schools low crime “American dream” or is it “homogeneity”? • urban decay • redlining, etc. • 1960s riots • bad schools • The “other” • new immigrants, • African-Americans • school desegregation • busing • urban political machines

31. Push Factors

32. Pull Factors

34. Intraregional Migration in the United States Figure 3-21

35. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? • Urban expansion • Annexation • Defining urban settlements • The city • Urbanized areas • Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) • Metropolitan divisions • Micropolitan statistical areas

36. Annexation in Chicago Figure 13-19

37. City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis Figure 13-20

38. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? • Urban expansion • Local government fragmentation • Council of government • Consolidations of city and county governments • Federations • Overlapping metropolitan areas

39. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? • Peripheral model • Edge cities • Density gradient • Cost of suburban sprawl • Suburban segregation • Residential segregation • Suburbanization of businesses

40. Density Gradient Figure 13-23

41. Suburban Stress Figure 13-25

42. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges? • Transportation and suburbanization • Motor vehicles • More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car • Public transit • Advantages of public transit • Transit travelers take up less space • Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an automobile • Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area • Public transit in the United States • Used primarily for rush-hour commuting in and out of CBD • Small cities-minimal use • Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile

43. Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium Figure 13-28

44. The End. Up next: Resource Issues