Chapter 3 Project Management

1. Chapter 3 Project Management Parts of this presentation is extracted from Ian Sommerville’s slides located at http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/sommerville Sommerville SE 8: Chapter 5, Chapter 26 Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

2. Getting to know you Who would like to tell us about herself? Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

3. Objectives • Know the principal tasks of software managers • Understand the need for planning in all software projects • Understand how graphical presentations can be used for project schedules • Understand the risk management process in software projects Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

4. Overview • Why Software project management? • Project Management Activities • Team formation • Project planning and scheduling • Cost estimation Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

5. Agree or Disagree Does good management guarantee project success? Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

6. Why? Project management is needed because software development is always subject to budget and schedule constraints. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

7. As a team…. Answer the following question: What does a project manager do? With your team, create a list of tasks. When you are done, assign a team member to be the reporter. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

8. Project Management Activities • Proposal writing/ Report writing and presentations.  writing and communication skills (covered in other courses) • Team formation (personnel selection) • Project planning and scheduling. • Project cost estimation. • Project monitoring and reviews. (covered in QA chapter) Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

9. Team Formation • A project manager success starts with creating the best team possible and having the right people in the right roles. • May not be possible to appoint the ideal people to work on a project • Project budget may not allow for the use of highly-paid staff; • Staff with the appropriate experience may not be available; • An organisation may wish to develop employee skills on a software project. • Managers have to work within these constraints especially when there are shortages of trained staff. • More on people management in Chapter 25. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

10. Project Planning • Probably the most time-consuming project management activity. • Continuous activity from initial concept through to system delivery. Plans must be regularly revised as new information becomes available. • Various different types of plans may be developed to support the main software project plan that is concerned with schedule and budget. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

11. Types of Project Plans Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

12. Objective of project plans • The project plan sets out: • The resources available to the project; • The work breakdown; • A schedule for the work. • It’s all about estimation, how much.. Effort Money Resources Time Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

13. A sample project plan With your team have a look at the project plan, and try to identify the main structural elements (structure) of the plan. Write a list (two copies) of the elements you find. One member of the group should act as the team reporter. Choose a different team to report your findings to. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

14. Structure of a project plan • Introduction. • Project organisation. • Risk analysis. • Hardware and software resource requirements. • Work breakdown. • Project schedule. • Monitoring and reporting mechanisms. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

15. Risk Management • Risk identification: • what can go wrong • Analyze the risk: • determine the likelihood that it will occur and • the damage it will do if it does occur • Prioritize risks by • probability and impact • Develop plan and monitor • to manage risks with high probability and high impact Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

16. Risk Identification Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

17. Risk Analysis & Prioritization I Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

18. Risk Planning and Monitoring • Consider each risk and develop a strategy to manage that risk. • Avoidance strategies • The probability that the risk will arise is reduced; • Minimisation strategies • The impact of the risk on the project or product will be reduced; • Contingency plans • If the risk arises, contingency plans are plans to deal with that risk; Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

19. Example Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

20. Work breakdown • Activities in a project should be organised to produce tangible outputs for management to judge progress. • Milestones are the end-point of a process activity. • Deliverables are project results delivered to customers. • To establish milestones the software process must be broken down into basic activities with associated outputs. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

21. Milestones and Deliverables Deliverables Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

22. Project Scheduling • Split project into tasks and estimate time and resources required to complete each task. • Organize tasks concurrently to make optimal use of workforce. • Minimize task dependencies to avoid delays caused by one task waiting for another to complete. • Dependent on project managers intuition and experience. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

23. Project Scheduling Process Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

24. Bar charts and activity networks • Graphical notations used to illustrate the project schedule. • Show project breakdown into tasks. Tasks should not be too small. They should take about a week or two. • Activity charts show task dependencies and the critical path. • Bar charts show schedule against calendar time. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

25. Task duration and dependencies Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

26. Activity Network Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

27. Activity bar chart Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

28. The Critical Path (1) Early Finish Time (EF)=ES + Duration (2) Early Start Time (ES) =Largest of immediately preceding EF (3) Latest Start Time (LS) =LF-Duration (4) Latest Finish Time (LF) = Smallest of immediately following LS (5) Task Slack Time=L-E Tasks on the critical path has slack time=zero Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

29. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

30. Example • Draw the activity Network for the following set of tasks Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

31. Project Cost Estimation • There are three parameters involved in computing the total cost of a software development project • Hardware and software costs including maintenance • Travel and training costs • Effort costs (paying software engineers) • For most projects, the dominant cost in software development is effort cost. Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431

32. Project cost estimation techniques • Algorithmic cost modeling • Expert judgment • Estimation by analogy • Parkinson’s law (resources available) • Pricing to win (customer’s budget) For large projects it is advisable to use several cost estimation techniques and compare the results Maha Al-Yahya First Semester 1430-1431