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2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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4. The Berlin Conference The Scramble for Africa The Belgian Congo France in Africa Africa and the United Kingdom ] German Imperalism The Scramble for Africa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. The Independent African States The Scramble for Africa(continued) ] The Scramble for Africa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

6. The Scramble for Africa > The Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference • European Exploration of Africa • Involvement in Africa before 1884 • European Consensus of Africa • "The General Act of the Conference" Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/the-berlin-conference-1304/

7. The Scramble for Africa > The Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo • Administration of the Belgian Congo • The Rubber Industry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/the-belgian-congo-1305/

8. The Scramble for Africa > France in Africa France in Africa • French West Africa • The Maghreb • French Efforts toward Assimilation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/france-in-africa-1306/

9. The Scramble for Africa > Africa and the United Kingdom Africa and the United Kingdom • Egypt under the British Influence • South Africa and the Boer Wars • Competition with France Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/africa-and-the-united-kingdom-1307/

10. The Scramble for Africa > German Imperalism German Imperalism • Germany and the Desire for Colonies • Germany and the Herero Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/german-imperalism-1308/

11. The Scramble for Africa > The Independent African States The Independent African States • Liberia • Ethiopia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/the-scramble-for-africa-1303/the-independent-african-states-1309/

12. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

13. The Scramble for Africa Key terms • "informal imperialism"The use of indirect means to control an area, sometimes a military presence but usually economic control. • Abir Congo CompanyA company that exploited natural rubber in the Congo Free State, the private property of King Leopold II of Belgium. • American Colonization SocietyA group established in 1816 by Robert Finley of New Jersey that supported the migration of free African Americans to the continent of Africa. It helped to found the colony of Liberia in 1821–22 on the coast of West Africa as a place for free-born American blacks. • Anglo-Egyptian WarAn 1882 war between Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom. It ended a nationalist uprising against the Khedive Tewfik Pasha and vastly expanded British influence over the country at the expense of the French. • apartheidA system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991, when it was abolished. • Battle of AdwaA battle fought in March 1896 between the Ethiopian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy near the town of Adwa, Ethiopia, in Tigray. This climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War was a decisive defeat for Italy and secured Ethiopian sovereignty. • Blaise DiagneA French political leader and mayor of Dakar. He was the first black African elected to the French Chamber of Deputies (1914), and the first to hold a position in the French government. • BoerThe Dutch and Afrikaans word for "farmer." In South Africa, it was used to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier during the 18th century. For a time the Dutch East India Company controlled this area, but it was taken over by the United Kingdom. • Casement ReportA 1904 document written by the British diplomat Roger Casement (1864–1916) detailing abuses in the Congo Free State under the private ownership of King Leopold II of Belgium. This report was instrumental in Leopold relinquishing his private holdings in Africa. He had owned the Congolese state since 1885, granted to him by the Berlin Conference, and exploited its natural resources (mostly rubber) for his own private wealth. • Cecil RhodesA British businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa who served as prime minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. An ardent believer in British imperialism, he and his British South Africa Company founded the southern African territory of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe and Zambia), which the company named after him in 1895. • Cercle systemThe smallest unit of French political administration in French Colonial Africa that was headed by a European officer. A cercle consisted of several cantons, each of which in turn consisted of several villages, and was instituted in France's African colonies from 1895 to 1946. • civilizing missionA rhetorical rationale for intervention or colonization, purporting to contribute to the spread of civilization and used mostly in relation to the Westernization of indigenous peoples in the 19th and 20th centuries. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

14. The Scramble for Africa • colonialismThe establishment of a colony in one territory by a political power from another territory and the subsequent maintenance, expansion, and exploitation of that colony. The term is also used to describe the unequal relationships between the colonial power and the colony and often between the colonists and the indigenous peoples. • Congo Free StateA large state in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908 in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II. • Congo Reform AssociationA movement formed with the declared intention to aid the exploited and impoverished workforce of the Congo by drawing attention to their plight. The association was founded in March 1904 by Dr. Henry Grattan Guinness, Edmund Dene Morel, and Roger Casement. • Congo rubberRubbers obtained from a wild species of vines, namely the Landolphia. Unlike rubber from Brazil and other places, which comes from trees, this type of rubber cannot be cultivated. The intense drive to collect latex from wild plants was responsible for many of the atrocities committed under the Congo Free State. • David LivingstoneA Scottish congregationalist pioneer medical missionary with the London Missionary Society and an explorer in Africa, one of the most popular national heroes of the late-19th-century in Victorian Britain. He had a mythical status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial and colonial expansion. • Entente CordialeA series of agreements signed on April 8, 1904, between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the French Third Republic, which saw a significant improvement in Anglo-French relations. Beyond the immediate concerns of colonial expansion addressed by the agreement, their signing marked the end of almost a thousand years of intermittent conflict between the two states and their predecessors. • Eugen FischerA German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics, and a member of the Nazi Party. He served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, and as rector of the Frederick William University of Berlin. His ideas informed the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 and served to justify the Nazi Party's attitudes of racial superiority. Adolf Hitler read his work while imprisoned in 1923 and used his eugenical notions to support the ideal of a pure Aryan society in his manifesto, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). • Fashoda IncidentThe climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan. The French party and a British detachment met on friendly terms, but back in Europe, it became a war scare. The British held firm as both nations stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides. Under heavy pressure the French withdrew, securing Anglo-Egyptian control over the area. • Fashoda syndromeA tendency within French foreign policy in Africa to assert French influence in areas that may be susceptible to British influence. • First Italo-Ethiopian WarA war fought between Italy and Ethiopia from 1895 to 1896. It originated from a disputed treaty that the Italians claimed turned the country into an Italian protectorate. Much to its surprise, the Italian army, invading Ethiopia from Italian Eritrea in 1893, faced a powerful united front. Italian defeat came about after the Battle of Adwa, where the Ethiopian army dealt the heavily outnumbered Italians a decisive loss and forced their retreat back into Eritrea. • Force PubliqueA military force in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State), through the period of direct Belgian colonial rule (1908 to 1960). Early on, they were used primarily to campaign against the Arab slave trade in the Upper Congo, protect Leopold's economic interests, and suppress frequent uprisings within the state, but eventually they partook in horrific abuse of the Congolese people, including frequent mutilation and murder. • Four CommunesThe four oldest colonial towns in French-controlled West Africa, in which the theory of assimilation was put into practice with the aim of turning African natives into "French" men by educating them in the language and French culture. In 1916, natives were granted full voting rights in these colonies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. The Scramble for Africa • German South-West AfricaA colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915. It was 1.5 times the size of the mainland German Empire in Europe at the time. The colony had a population of around 2,600 Germans, numerous indigenous rebellions, and a widespread genocide of the indigenous peoples. • Heart of DarknessA novella by Polish-British novelist Joseph Conrad about a voyage up the Congo River into the Congo Free State in the heart of Africa by the story's narrator Marlow. The work's central ideal is that there is little difference between so-called civilized people and those described as savages; the book raises questions about imperialism and racism. • Henry Morton StanleyA Welsh-American journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone. Upon finding Livingstone, he reportedly asked, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" He is also known for his search for the source of the Nile, his work in and development of the Congo Basin region in association with King Leopold II of the Belgians, and commanding the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. • HereroAn ethnic group inhabiting parts of Southern Africa. The majority reside in Namibia, with the remainder found in Botswana and Angola. During the German colonial empire, the German colonists committed genocide against these people. • Joseph Jenkins RobertsThe first (1848–1856) and seventh (1872–1876) President of Liberia. Born free in Norfolk, Virginia, he emigrated to Liberia in 1829 as a young man. He opened a trading store in Monrovia and later engaged in politics. When Liberia became independent in July 26, 1847, he was elected the first black American president for the Republic of Liberia, serving until 1856. In 1872 he was elected again to serve as Liberia's seventh president. • Khedivate of EgyptAn autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces, which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt. • King Leopold II of BelgiumThe second King of the Belgians, known as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken on his own behalf. He used explorer Henry Morton Stanley to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorized his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the native inhabitants. • MaghrebPreviously known as Barbary Coast, this area is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition includes the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. • New ImperialismA period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and the Empire of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. At the time, states focused on building their empires with new technological advances and developments, making their territories bigger through conquest, and exploiting their resources. The new wave of imperialism reflected ongoing rivalries among the great powers, the economic desire for new resources and markets, and a "civilizing mission" ethos. • Otto von BismarckA conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. With that accomplished by 1871, he skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to maintain Germany's position in a Europe which, despite many disputes and war scares, remained at peace. • Otto von BismarckA conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s, he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. He disliked colonialism but reluctantly built an overseas empire when demanded by both elite and mass opinion. Juggling a very complex interlocking series of conferences, negotiations, and alliances, he used his diplomatic skills to maintain Germany's position and used the balance of power to keep Europe at peace in the 1870s and 1880s. • pieds-noirsA term referring to Christian and Jewish people whose families migrated from all parts of the Mediterranean to French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco, or the French protectorate of Tunisia, where many lived for several generations. They were expelled at the end of French rule in North Africa between 1956 and 1962. The term usually includes the North African Jews, who had been living there for many centuries but were awarded French citizenship by the 1870 Crémieux Decree. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. The Scramble for Africa • principle of effective occupationColonial powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they possessed them: if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there, and if they established an administration in the territory with a police force to keep order. • protectorateA dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and independence while still largely controlled by another sovereign state. In exchange, the dependent state usually accepts specified obligations, which ay vary depending on the nature of their relationship. They are different from colonies as they have local rulers. • pygmyA member of an ethnic group whose average height is unusually short; anthropologists define it as a population with average height for adult men of less than 150 cm (4 feet 11 inches). • Scramble for AfricaThe invasion, occupation, division, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and the Conquest of Africa. In 1870, only 10 percent of Africa was under European control; by 1914 it had increased to 90 percent of the continent, with only Ethiopia (Abyssinia), the Dervish state (present-day Somalia) and Liberia still independent. • spheres of influenceA spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it. • Suez CrisisAn invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power. After the fighting started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser. • Tewodros IIThe Emperor of Ethiopia from 1855 until his death. His rule is often placed as the beginning of modern Ethiopia, ending the decentralized Zemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes). • WeltpolitikThe foreign policy adopted by the Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany in 1891, which marked a decisive break with former "Realpolitik." The aim was to transform Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy, the acquisition of overseas colonies, and the development of a large navy. • ÉvoluéA French term used during the colonial era to refer to a native African or Asian who had "evolved" by becoming Europeanized through education or assimilation and had accepted European values and patterns of behavior. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

17. The Scramble for Africa The Battle of Adwa Ethiopian forces, assisted by St George (top), win the Battle of Adwa. Painted 1965-75. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_slag_bij_Adua_TMnr_5956-2.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_slag_bij_Adua_TMnr_5956-2.jpgView on Boundless.com

18. The Scramble for Africa Republic of Liberia Charles D. B. King, 17th President of Liberia (1920-1930), with his entourage on the steps of the Peace Palace, The Hague (the Netherlands), 1927. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."LiberiaKing.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LiberiaKing.jpgView on Boundless.com

19. The Scramble for Africa Slave Trade in Africa Photograph of slaves captured from the Congo aboard an Arab slave ship intercepted by the Royal Navy (1869). One of the chief justifications for the colonization of Africa was the suppression of the slave trade. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Slave_boat1869.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Slave_boat1869.jpgView on Boundless.com

20. The Scramble for Africa The Veiled Protectorate of Egypt A gathering of Egyptian, Turkish, and British royalty in 1911. Queen Mary seated and King George V standing at extreme right. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Durbar_Port_Said_stopover_1911.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Durbar_Port_Said_stopover_1911.jpgView on Boundless.com

21. The Scramble for Africa Blaise Diagne Blaise Diagne, a Senegalese man who attained French citizenship and rose to political prominence during the height of the assimilation movement in colonial France, was the first black African elected to the French Chamber of Deputies and the first to hold a position in the French government. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Blaise_Diagne-1921.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blaise_Diagne-1921.jpgView on Boundless.com

22. The Scramble for Africa King N'Diagaye, a local chief near Dakar Senegal, receiving a French Administrator. c.1910. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Dakar_king_N'Diagaye_1900s.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dakar_king_N%27Diagaye_1900s.jpgView on Boundless.com

23. The Scramble for Africa European Exploration of Africa Routes of European explorers in Africa to 1853. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Routes_of_European_explorers_in_Africa,_to_1853.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Routes_of_European_explorers_in_Africa,_to_1853.jpgView on Boundless.com

24. The Scramble for Africa Congress of Berlin A depiction of the Congress of Berlin, which resulted in France receiving Tunisia from Britain. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Berliner_kongress.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berliner_kongress.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. The Scramble for Africa Otto Von Bismarck's Ambivalence Cartoon from 1884. Bismarck is happy with other nations being busy "down there." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."440px-Kladderadatsch_1884_-_Die_Südsee_ist_das_Mittelmeer_der_Zukunft.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kladderadatsch_1884_-_Die_S%C3%BCdsee_ist_das_Mittelmeer_der_Zukunft.pngView on Boundless.com

26. The Scramble for Africa Surviving Herero Photograph of emaciated survivors of the German genocide against Herero after an escape through the arid desert of Omaheke Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Surviving_Herero.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Surviving_Herero.jpgView on Boundless.com

27. The Scramble for Africa French Invasion of Algeria Fighting at the gates of Algiers in 1830. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Fighting_at_the_gates_of_Algiers_1830.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fighting_at_the_gates_of_Algiers_1830.jpgView on Boundless.com

28. The Scramble for Africa Boer Commandos As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, and horses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPG."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afrikaner_Commandos2.JPGView on Boundless.com

29. The Scramble for Africa Berlin Confernence A drawing of the Berlin Conference. The main dominating powers of the conference were France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Afrikakonferenz.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afrikakonferenz.jpgView on Boundless.com

30. The Scramble for Africa Colonial Africa 1913 European claims in Africa, 1913. Modern-day boundaries, largely a legacy of the colonial era, are shown. Yellow: Belgium; Green: Germany; Pink: Spain; Blue: France; Red: Britain; Lime Green: Italy; Purple: Portugal; Gray: Independent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg.png."GNU FDL 1.2https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svgView on Boundless.com

31. The Scramble for Africa Fashoda Incident Central and East Africa, 1898, during the Fashoda Incident. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Fashoda_Incident_map_-_en.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fashoda_Incident_map_-_en.svgView on Boundless.com

32. The Scramble for Africa The Rhodes Colossus Cecil Rhodes spanning "Cape to Cairo," symbolizing the British imperial ambitions of the late 19th century. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."440px-Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.png."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punch_Rhodes_Colossus.pngView on Boundless.com

33. The Scramble for Africa Mutilated Children From the Congo Congolese children and wives whose fathers or husbands failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpgView on Boundless.com

34. The Scramble for Africa In the Rubber Coils A cartoon depicting Leopold II as a rubber vine entangling a Congolese rubber collector. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpgView on Boundless.com

35. The Scramble for Africa Attribution • Wikipedia."Henry Morton Stanley."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley • Wikipedia."David Livingstone."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone • Wikipedia."Exploration of Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_Africa • Wikipedia."Colonisation of Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa • Wikipedia."Scramble for Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa • Wikipedia."Berlin Conference."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference • Wikipedia."New Imperialism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism • Wikipedia."Scramble for Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa • Wikipedia."Berlin Conference."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference • Wikipedia."Colonisation of Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa • Wikipedia."Scramble for Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa • Wikipedia."Berlin Conference."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference • Wikipedia."History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo • Wikipedia."Democratic Republic of the Congo."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo • Wikipedia."Force Publique."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Publique • Wikipedia."Congo Free State."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State • Wikipedia."Democratic Republic of the Congo."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

36. The Scramble for Africa • Wikipedia."Abir Congo Company."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abir_Congo_Company • Wikipedia."Congo Free State."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State • Wikipedia."French West Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa • Wikipedia."French colonial empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire • Wikipedia."Cercle (French colonial)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_(French_colonial) • Wikipedia."French North Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_North_Africa • Wikipedia."French Algeria."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria • Wikipedia."French protectorate of Tunisia."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia • Wikipedia."Pied-Noir."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied-Noir • Wikipedia."French protectorate in Morocco."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco • Wikipedia."French colonial empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire • Wikipedia."Assimilation (French colonialism)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_(French_colonialism) • Wikipedia."Civilizing mission."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizing_mission • Wikipedia."Four Communes."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Communes • Wikipedia."History of modern Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt • Wikipedia."History of Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt • Wikipedia."Khedivate of Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt • Wikipedia."History of Egypt under the British."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British • Wikipedia."Second Boer War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

37. The Scramble for Africa • Wikipedia."Military history of South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia."First Boer War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Boer_War • Wikipedia."South African Wars (1879–1915)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879-1915) • Wikipedia."History of South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia."International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814-1919) • Wikipedia."Fashoda syndrome."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashoda_syndrome • Wikipedia."Fashoda Incident."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashoda_Incident • Wikipedia."France–United Kingdom relations."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France-United_Kingdom_relations • Wikipedia."German colonial empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire • Wikipedia."Weltpolitik."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltpolitik • Wikipedia."History of Germany."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany • Wikipedia."German colonial empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire • Wikipedia."Herero and Namaqua genocide."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide • Wikipedia."Herero people."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_people • Wikipedia."Maji Maji Rebellion."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion • Wikipedia."American Colonization Society."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society • Wikipedia."History of Liberia."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liberia • Wikipedia."Liberia."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia • Wikipedia."Battle of Adwa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

38. The Scramble for Africa • Wikipedia."First Italo-Ethiopian War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War • Wikipedia."Ethiopia."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia • Wikipedia."History of Ethiopia."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com