ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting

1. ISOLDE Workshop and Users Meeting  Atomic Physics Goes Online: the Role of ISOLDE in the Past and in the Future H.-Jürgen Kluge GSI Darmstadt and University of Heidelberg

2. A View of our Friends Across the Atlantic December 2006

3. NRC: “Major Events in the History of Rare-Isotope Science” Achievements in Physics Applications Development of Techniques and Facilities

4. NRC: “Major Events in the History of ISOLDE” Achievements in Physics Applications Development of Techniques and Facilities • I would add the following milestones for important achievements by atomic physics techniques: • - on-line laser experiments (Hg isotopes, alkali elements) • on-line high-accuracy mass measurements (alkali elements) • on- line ABMR (atomic beam magnetic resonance) experiments (alkali elements) • atomic energy levels of francium • ground state properties of the halo nucleus 11Li (mass, spin, moments, charge radius) • beam accumulation, cooling and bunching in a segmented gas-filled Paul trap • absolute mass measurements with the carbon cluster comb

5. Atomic Physics Techniques for Nuclear Physics Nuclear Ground state Properties - laser spectroscopyMaxim Seliverstov, D.T. Yordanov, Kieran Flanagan - mass spectrometryChabouh Yazidjian Ion Beam Manipulation - ionization & charge breeding Mariano Menna, Melanie Marie-Anne - accumulation, cooling and bunchingErnesto Mane - polarization Bradley Cheal - in and post-trap decay Jyväskylä Fundamental Interactions & Symmetries - weak interaction experimentsValentin Kozlov, Bertram Blank The Ultimate Goals:  ultra-fast (millisecond)  ultra-resolving (hyperfine splitting, ground and isomeric state)  ultra-accurate (statistical error only)  ultra-sensitive (one-ion experiment)

6. Nuclear Ground State Properties by Atomic Physics Techniques * MASSnuclear binding energy * NUCLEAR HALF-LIFE decay rates * HYPERFINE STRUCTURE 1. Hyperfine Interaction J +  = Fnuclear spin 2. Magnetic Dipole HFS A =<H(0)>/I Jnuclear magnetic moment 3. Electric Quadrupole HFS B = e0Qs<zz(0)>spectroscopic quadrupole moment * ISOTOPE SHIFT Finite Size Effect  <r2>A,A´change of ms charge radius This information is model independent

7. Comparison: Charge Radii – Nuclear Binding Energies Hg Is the mass more sensitive to nuclear structure effects than the information obtained by optical techniques (spin, moments, charge radii)? Examples : Charge radii of Rb and Hg isotopes versus mass information Rb D. Lunney et al. Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 (2003) 1021

8. Doppler-Free Resonance Ionization Mass Spectroscopy of Lithium 11Li Lifetime  8 ms 30,000 Atoms/s Novel technique developed at GSI by Wilfried Nörtershäuser, Andreas Dax et al. 8,9Li at GSI 11Li at TRIUMF Relative Accuracy better than 10-5 in IS measurement and mass shift calculation required. Mass shift calculation by G. Drake, Z.-C. Yan, K. Pachucki et al.

9. Nuclear Charge Radii of Lithium Isotopes R. Sánchez et al., PRL 96, 033002 (2006) Nature Physics 2, 145 (2006) M. Puchalski et al., PRL 97, 133001 (2006)

10. Collinear Spectroscopy of 33Mg with β - Asymmetry Detection 33Mg: determination of a negative parity intruder ground state via nuclear moments D. T. Yordanov, M. Kowalska, K. Blaum, M. De Rydt, K. Flanagan, P. Lievens, R. Neugart, W. Nörtershäuser, H. H. Stroke, and G. Neyens The measured spin and magnetic moment are respectively I = 3/2 and µ = −0.7456(5)µn. The latter was found to have a negative sign, requiring a large 2p2h intruder component of the ground state wavefunction and correspondingly a negative parity. The result is consistent with a large prolate deformation, based on the 3/2 [321] Nilsson orbital.

11. A 20,000 fold Improvement in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio Ion beam cooler Light collection region (Laser resonance fluorescence) 40 kV Now: Application to isotopes of refractory elements: Zr, Y, Hf,.... at Jyväskylä

12. Laser Spectroscopy of 182-190Pb by Resonance Ionization in the Laser Ion Source M. Seliverstov, A. Andreyev, N. Barré, H. De Witte, D. Fedorov, V. Fedoseyev, S. Franchoo, J. Genevey, G. Huber, M. Huyse, U. Köster, P. Kunz, S. Lesher, B. Marsh, B. Roussière, J. Sauvage, P. Van Duppen, Yu. Volkov

13. Fighting Isobaric Contamination with LIST(Laser Ion Source Trap) Atoms U DC Ions Switchable Electrodes Atomizer Buffer Gas Laser Beams Ion Repeller RFQ Segments Electron Repeller End Plate 10 mm Accumulate Laser Ions Surface Ions Electrons Release K. Blaum et al., NIM 2003 Z

14. Ionization of Gallium Atoms in the LIST First off-line demonstration at Mainz (Klaus Wendt et al., ) Development going on at Mainz, Jyväskylä and TRIUMF Efficient and highly selective ionization Suppression of isobars DC and bunched beams with low emittance Polarized radioactive ion beams by optical pumping K. Brück, C. Geppert, F. Schwellnus, K. Wies, K. Wendt

15. Summary 1: Laser Spectroscopy at RIB Facilities ISOL facilities are ideally suited for laser spectroscopy of radioactive beams. ISOLDE has pioneered most on-line laser spectroscopic techniques. TRENDS: Investigation of isotopes of light elements or simple systems(H, Anti-H),He, Li, Be+, ...... Ne, Na, Mg, ...... U91+ Towards isobarically clean beamsHigh-Resolution mass Separator, laser ion source trap (LIST) Towards higher sensitivitycooled, stored and bunched beams, spectroscopy in the laser ion source (trap), magneto-optical trap (6He, 8He, Lu & Mueller et al.) Towards higher resolutioncooled and stored beams, magneto-optical trap Towards isotopes of refractory elementsIGISOL, in-flight (fragmentation) facilities with a gas cell (LASPEC)

16. The Importance of Atomic Masses

17. JYFL TRAP SMILETRAP  Jyväskylä Stockholm  ESR SHIPTRAP HITRAP FAIR TITAN LEBIT GSI  TRIUMF Munich CERN  RIKEN TRAP  MSU Argonne Lanzhou  ● RIKEN LBL MAFF TRAP ISOLTRAP REXTRAP ATHENA ATRAP WITCH CPT Lanzhou SR RETRAP  operating facilities  facilities under construction or test  planned facilities Penning Traps and Storage Rings at Accelerators for Nuclear Physics A new quality of mass spectrometry is obtained

18. Penning Traps for Mass Spectrometry at Accelerators – World-Wide  operating facilities  facilities under  planned facilitiesconstruction or test

19. Accuracy of Mass Measurements versus Exoticism compiled by Dave Lunney – published data until January 2007

20. Mass Measurements for CVC Hypothesis ● ● ● An accuracy of the Q-value by some few 100 eV is reached by mass measurements. In addition required: Half lifeBranching ratio ISOLTRAP: Mg-22, Ar-34, Ca-38, Rb-74 F. Herfurth et al., Eur. Phys. J. A 15, 17 (2002) A. Kellerbauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.93, 072502 (2004) M. Mukherjee et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150801 (2004) S. George et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006 (submitted) JVL-TRAP: Al-26m, Sc-42, Ga-62T. Eronen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 232501T. Eronen et al., Phys. Lett. B 636 (2006) 191; B. Hyland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(2006) 102501 CPT: Mg-22, V-46G. Savard et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 102501 (2005) Phys. Rec. C 70, 042501(R) (2004) LEBIT: Ca-38G. Bollen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2006) 152501

21. Summary 2: Mass Spectrometry at RIB Facilities ISOLDE has pioneered non-nuclear mass measurements for ISOL facilities(Mattauch-Herzog, RF-Smith (MISTRAL), Penning trap (ISOLTRAP). Presently, high-accuracy mass measurements (m/m ≤ 10-8) are only possible by use of Penning traps. TRENDS: Towards isobarically clean beamsHigh-Resolution mass Separator, laser ion source trap (LIST) Towards single-ion sensitivitynon-destructive ion detection (FT-ICR), single-ion detection for RIB Towards higher resolving power and isomer separationhigher charge states, higher magnetic field Towards shorter-lived nuclideshigher intensities, higher charge states, higher efficiencies, higher mag. field Towards extreme accuracyhigher charge states, higher and more stable magnetic field, carbon cluster

22. Conclusion H.-J. Kluge, W. Nörtershäuser Spectrochimica Acta 2003 Optical spectroscopy A Final Conclusion: It is easier, of course cheaper (and much more fun) to improve the performance (efficiency, SNR, resolution, accuracy, ...) of a method or technique hundred-fold than to in increase the yield of radioactive beams by two orders of magnitude. Of course, if possible, you should do both. Atomic physics techniques have contributed in the past very vitally to the present understanding of nuclear systems. Their model independence, accuracy and sensitivity as well as new techniques for ionization and manipulation of radioactive ion beams will also be essential in the future at ISOLDE and other radioactive-beam facilities. Mass spectrometry K. Blaum, Phys. Rep. 425 (2006) 1

24. NRC: “Timeline for Global Development of Dedicated Rare-Isotope Beam Facilities”

25. NRC: “Projected Major Facilities for Rare-Isotope Beams” Where is the RIB facility of Lanzhou? What is the role of ISOLDE in the future?

26. Laser Spectroscopy in Long Isotopic Chains 249 255 Cf Fm 249 Bk 254 240-244 Es Am 208-232 Ra 232 Th 227 Ac 248 207-228 181-206 Cm Fr Hg 183-197 202-225 Au Rn 238-244 Pu 152 200-210 178-198 Po Pt 237 Np 202-213 Bi 82 170-178 Hf 235-238 U 185-214 Pb 126 161-179 Lu 182-193 Ir 187-208 Tl 146-160 153-176 Gd Yb 138-159 Eu 153-172 Tm 150-167 Er 108-132 Sn 138-154 Sm 147-159 151-165 Tb Ho 104-127 In 132-150 Nd 146-165 Dy 102-120 Cd 120-148 Ba 50 118-146 Cs 77-100 Sr 116-146 Xe 82 76-98 Rb 101-110 Ag 72-96 Kr 87-102 Zr 28 32-40,46 44,45 Ar Ti 68-70 50 Cu 20 39-50 Ca 17-28 Ne 36-47 K 28 8 20-31 Na 20 2 11 Be 6-11 Li 6 He 8 2 not accessible at usual ISOL facilities mainly determined at ISOL facilities refractory elements: IGISOL or in-flight separation Such measurements fix single-particle as well as collective nuclear properties in a model-independent way H.-J. Kluge. W. Nörtershäuser Spectrochimica Acta 2003