Industry Specific Resource Management

1. Industry Specific Resource Management Terry PalmerRotorcraft Special Programs ManagerFlightSafety Internationalterry.palmer@flightsafety.com

2. "If a man is in need of rescue, an airplane can come in and throw flowers on him, and that's just about all." "But a direct lift aircraft could come in and save his life." Helicopter Pioneer Igor Sikorsky

3. “I always believed that the helicopter would be an outstanding vehicle for the greatest variety of life-saving missions and now, near the close of my life, I have the satisfaction of knowing this has proved to be true.” — Igor Sikorsky

4. Thank you to everyone who participated in the hurricane relief and rescue

5. RM Overview • Historical Perspectives • What is Resource Management? • CRM, AMRM, MRM, TRM etc. • A method of making optimum use of the capability of the individuals and the systems in an aircraft to achieve the safest and most efficient completion of a flight

6. Resource Management Enhance the safety culture within the helicopter operations by promoting team cohesiveness and adaptation during change through the use of available resources.

7. RM Objectives • Identify and understand the basic bullets of RM: (assertiveness, communication, team building & situational awareness). • Identify and understand good decisions/successful outcomes in the aviation environment. • Identify and understand industry specific requirements. • Understand the importance of personality profiles and team member communication. • Identify essential steps to effective team building.

8. Human Factors • Historically almost 100% of Training was spent on 5% of the problem (aircraft specific) • System errors or malfunctions make up only 5% of all aircraft accidents • Human errors make up 95% of the accidents

9. Training for Emergencies How do we train for this?

10. Soft Skills • Decision Making • Judgment • Resource Management • Professionalism

11. Training in Simulators • Based on actual scenarios • Automation equipment and avionics • Day and night • Inadvertent IMC • Include all crew • Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT)

12. Classroom Training • Aircraft specific • Industry specific • Instrument procedures • Avionics and equipment • Decision making • FAA regulations • Resource Management

13. Resource Management • Include all members of the team • Communication • Assertiveness • Conflict Resolution • Barriers • Culture Change • Feedback • Team Building • Mission Statement • Brief & Debrief

14. Resource Management • Decision Making • Aeronautical Decision Making • Situational Awareness • Evaluation of Options • Risk Management • Judgment • Weather • IMC

15. Resource Management • Human Factors • Critical Incident Stress Management • Fatigue Counter Measures • Flight Physiology • Flight Psychology • Stress

16. Resource Management When? • Initial • Indoctrination • Awareness • Recurrent • Feedback Continuing Reinforcement & Evaluation

17. Why Is RM Training Important ?

18. Accidents/Incidents: Common Elements • 8 out of 10 incidents, someone, somewhere, had some piece of information which could have prevented the incident from happening, but failed to share it! • Why?

19. Goals • The Ultimate Goal • Possible outcomes • Aware - Successful • Unaware - Successful • Aware - Unsuccessful • Unaware - Unsuccessful

20. Communication

21. Communication • Most of our tensions, anxieties, and frustrations result from poor communications. • Communication is taken for granted by most people. • Most people think they are good communicators, if other people would just listen!

22. Perception Perception is Reality! ac ac aC AC Ac AC ac ac

23. Perception is Reality! AC

24. Communication • Be sensitive to workloads of other team members. • Communicate intent and plans clearly. • Understand the causes of communication breakdown.

25. Briefings Planning: • Pre-flight briefings • Shift change briefings • Preflight • Share all information • include weather • EFFECTIVE TEAMS - Openly discuss options and alternatives • Do contingency planning • Debrief regularly

26. Communication Checklist • Ask the right questions • Frankly state opinions • Work out differences • Criticize constructively • Make decisions • Manage Resources

27. Assertiveness Responsibility Crewmember responsibilities/skills • Work as a TEAM • Support each other and pilot in command • Monitor actions and decisions • Speak up when you see a problem

28. “When in doubt” - SPEAK OUT

29. Team Assertiveness How can we enhance team assertiveness? • Most conservative response rule • Pilot in command request from other team members • “It’s what you DON’T say that can kill you!” • How can the pilot in command or team member establish an atmosphere for team participation?

30. Teamwork

31. Who is on the Team ? Flight Paramedics Pilots Flight Nurses Chief Pilots Comm Specialists Chief Flight Nurses Field Services/Local Agencies A/C Maintenance Staff Director of Operations Program Managers Operations Managers Meteorology Resources

32. Attitude “There is little difference in people, but that little difference makes a big difference. The difference is attitude. The big difference is whether it is positive or negative.” W. Clement Stone

33. Team Attitude • Know your team • strengths and limitations • encourages situational awareness • Team ego • inflated ego feeds attitude • complacency possible

34. Flight Discipline “Failures of flight discipline can – in a single instant - overcome years of skill development, in-depth systems knowledge and thousands of hours of experience.” Tony Kern

35. Team Discipline • Discipline / integrity • managing crisis • communication • procedures • regulations

36. Personal Discipline • Individual Discipline • rogue tendencies • stress • attitude • multiple tasks • factors that cause breakdown

37. The intent is to get everyone communicating and working together in the interest of safety.

38. SUCCESSFUL TEAMS!!! • Make every effort to be effective communicators • Replace defensiveness with openness • Assertive, rather than aggressive • Avoid argument for the sake of argument • Don’t rain on another's parade • Avoid prophesying gloom and doom, and.... • Refuse to play games!!!!!!!

39. Situational Awareness

40. Situational Awareness Situational Awareness • What is it?

41. SituationalAwareness • Area or condition where any loss of SA has serious consequences. • Takeoff and final approach • Low level operations into confined areas or LZ's • Demo Flights • Repositioning Flights Danger Zone

42. Sterile Cockpit • NO communications except safety related • takeoff • final approach, landing • flight not designated cruise flight • Final approach • Different missions have different pilot workload and team responsibilities.

43. Repositioning Flight • Tendency to relax • High risk of complacency • Casual conversation • Mental review of previous mission = Decreased Situational Awareness !

44. Airspace • Understand your airspace • Designations indicate: • amount of possible traffic • frequency of communication required • Increase pilot workload

45. Ground Crew Awareness • Trained • Aware of hazards • to aircraft • to personnel • to ground vehicles

46. Ground Crew Awareness • Multiple aircraft hazards

47. Regular Self-Preflight • Illness - Symptoms? • Medication - Prescription drugs? • Stress - Excessive Pressure? • Alcohol - 8+ hour company rule? • Fatigue - Adequately rested? • Eating - Adequately nourished?

48. Stay Aware • Good Communication Skills Keep Teams Situationally Aware • Teamwork atmosphere • Keep alert to the responsiveness of other team member • Know ability of others to handle tasking

49. Situational Awareness & the Judgment Chain • The sum total of the team’s perception of the facts and conditions affecting the safe outcome of a flight!

50. Decision-Making I skate where the puck is going to be, not where it has been… Wayne Gretzky, hockey player