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Acts of creation are ordinarily reserved for gods and poets. To plant a pine , one need only own a shovel. -- Aldo Leo

Acts of creation are ordinarily reserved for gods and poets. To plant a pine , one need only own a shovel. -- Aldo Leopold. Southeastern Forests of the U.S. Longleaf Pine Pinus palustris. (One of 4 major southern pines). Southeastern Oak-Hickory Forest

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Acts of creation are ordinarily reserved for gods and poets. To plant a pine , one need only own a shovel. -- Aldo Leo

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  1. Acts of creation are ordinarily reserved for gods and poets. To plant a pine, one need only own a shovel. -- Aldo Leopold

  2. Southeastern Forests of the U.S. Longleaf Pine Pinus palustris (One of 4 major southern pines) Southeastern Oak-Hickory Forest (Many of the same species as in the Central Hardwood region)

  3. Forests of the southeastern U.S. About 50% of the region is forested about 90% of the forest is privately owned about 20% is in industrial ownership 70% is owned by farmers or “tree farmers” More than 50% of the forest in this region is dominated by the southern pines About 15% is in southern bottomland hardwood types Oak –Hickory or other mixed hardwood and Oak-pine account for most of the rest

  4. Southeastern Forests of the U.S. CLIMATE : The southeastern Coastal Plain receives more than 48 inches (1,220 mm) per year of precipitation. This area has the highest frequency of heavy downpours combined with the most rain-free days per year. It also has the highest evaporation rates in the East. SOILS : Most of the soils in the Coastal Plains area are sandy, but range from sandy or gravelly to moderately fine textured. Soils in the longleaf-slash pine type are typically acidic, low in organic matter and deficient in many essential plant nutrients. In some places older calcareous soils have been exposed by erosion. FORESTRY VALUES : Intense logging from the late nineteenth century until the 1930's virtually eliminated all virgin stands of the southern mixed forest. There are about 15,315,000 acres (6,202,000 ha) of loblolly and slash pine plantations in the southern mixed forest, all of which are grown for pulpwood and sawtimber

  5. SFR 107 Southeastern Forest Region Species List (exc. those previously covered)Yellow (hard pines) - Family Pinaceae: LOBLOLLY PINE Pinus taeda L. SHORTLEAF PINE Pinus echinata Mill. LONGLEAF PINE Pinus palustris Mill. SLASH PINE Pinus elliottii Engelm Oaks - Family Fagaceae: WILLOW OAK Quercus phellos L. POST OAK Quercus stellata Wangenh. WATER OAK Quercus nigra L. SOUTHERN RED OAK Quercus falcata Michaux. OVERCUP OAK Quercus lyrata Walt. SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK Quercus michauxii Nutt. LIVE OAK Quercus virginiana Mill. SCARLET OAK Quercus coccinea Muenchausen Farrar p. 255 CHERRYBARK OAK Quercus pagoda Rafinesque Hickories - Family Juglandaceae PIGNUT HICKORY Carya glabra Mill.Farrar p. 208 MOCKERNUT HICKORY Carya tomentosa Nutt. Farrar p. 203 Other Misc. species: SWEETGUM Family Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. Farrar p 240 BLACK GUM or BLACK TUPELO Family Cornaceae Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Farrar p 402 WATER TUPELO Family Cornaceae Nyssa aquatica L. BALDCYPRESS Family Cupressaceae Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Farrar p. 36 SOUTHERN MAGNOLIA Family Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora L. AMERICAN HOLLY Family Aquafoliaceae Ilex opaca Ait. Farrar p 275 AMERICAN HORNBEAM Family Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Farrar p. 306

  6. Note that all species in the Central Hardwood Region (with the exception of shellbark hickory), also occur in, at least, the northern portion of the Southern Forest Region. Virginia Pine occurs in northern Alabama and Georgia portion of the southern region. See the Central Hardwood species list (11/11/10 lecture) for those species that we already covered that can also be included in the Southern Region.

  7. Family Pinaceae Pinus echinata Mill. shortleaf pine Size and Form: Widest range of all southern yellow pines; was once native to Michigan (pollen records). The least site demanding of the southern pines, partly explaining its wide range. Habitat:. Shade intolerant. Shortleaf pine tolerates a wide range of soil and site conditions; often found on very shallow, rocky soils on upland sites Bark: red-brown, platy, often w/ small resin holes Cones: 1½ - 2½” long, armed w/ small dorsal prickle. Shortest cone of so. pines Needles:3-5” long; 2-3 needles per fascicle, mostly 2, Shortest needles of the 4 southern pines Uses: like all other major southern pines) is for pulp, lumber, plywood. Seeds eaten by a variety of mammals and birds.

  8. Family Pinaceae Pinus taeda. L. loblolly pine Size and Form:Loblolly pine is the principal commercial species in the South, making up over ½ of the standing pine volume. Rapid early growth rate Habitat: Loblolly is a very prolific seeder and thus an aggressive pioneer on open land (often called “old-field pine”). taeda means “torch of pine wood” (resinous). Grows on wide variety of soils. It is commonly believed that loblolly was an native American word meaning wet feet. Shade intolerant. Needles in fascicles of 2-3, mostly 3. Needle length is 4 to 9 inches long (similar to slash). Yellow green. Sometimes they are twisted and will persist for 3 years. Cones: the most prickly of the southern pines;3-6” in length (similar to slash) Uses: Most commercially important southern pine in the U.S.. Used for lumber, construction timbers, pulp, plywood.

  9. Family Pinaceae Pinus elliottii Engelm. slash pine Size and Form: Second only to loblolly in commercial value in the South; fast early growth makes it very desirable for fiber plantations.Smallest native range of the four major southern pines. Slash and longleaf are the 2 major of southern pine species used for naval stores Habitat:Typically found on fairly wet sites, often close to the coast; found on barrier islands along Gulf Coast. Shade intolerant. Cones:Mature cones are very shiny, appear varnished; not very prickly. Uses: Wood used for pulp, plywood, poles, construction lumber and naval stores (turpentine, resin).

  10. Family Pinaceae Pinus palustris Mill. longleaf pine Size and Form: One of the most distinctive, and previously important of the southern pines. Original stands have been impacted heavily by logging, grazing, tapping for naval stores, fire suppression, conversion to loblolly, slash, agric. Less than 5% remains. Regular fires in longleaf stands leads to the development of longleaf savannahs. These stands dominated the southeastern forests until man removed fire. Most resistant of southern pines to fire, insects, and diseases . Habitat:Poor, sandy soils across the southeast. Shade intolerant. Grass stage seedling are resistant to fire Needles 8-18” long, in fascicles of 3, tufted at ends of branches; Longest needles of the southern pines Cones: 6-10’ long (longest of so. pines), narrowly conical-cylindrical, raised scale, small reflexed prickle. Uses: Due to consistently long needles, is the preferred species for pine straw production/harvesting, although slash and loblolly pine are also used. Naval stores

  11. Southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) Shortleaf pine with southern pine beetle emergence holes The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) swept through southeastern Kentucky in 1999-2002 and wiped out most of the shortleaf pines.SPB also the attacks the other so. pines , especially loblolly which is an abundant host.

  12. Family Fagaceae Quercus lyrata Walt.overcup oak Size and Form: Usually has poor form w/ crooked bole and branches. Habitat: This is a bottomland species; it is found on flats adjacent to the river on saturated soils. Well adapted to long periods of inundation. Intermediate shade tolerant Fruit:Acorns often disseminated by flood waters. Acorn ½-1” long w/ a thin, warty gray cup enclosing almost the whole nut (similar to bur oak but without the fringe). Leaves: Alternate, simple, extremely variable w/ 7-9 lobes separated by broad, irregular sinuses; Irregularly lobes separates it from post and white oak. Also similar leaves to bur oak Uses: wood is hard, heavy, strong.Marketed as white oak for lumber and similar products to white oak. Also wildlife mast, eaten by deer, squirrels, and feral hogs. and ornamental

  13. Family Fagaceae Quercus michauxii Nutt. swamp chestnut oak Habitat: Mostly intolerant, Found on lower slope positions, and on better-drained sites in bottomlands. It should not be called “chestnut oak”, which is an upland oak spp. found more in the Appalachian Mountains Leaves: Alternate, simple, broadly obovate to oblong; margindeeply crenate or coarsely dentate; Acorns: up to 1.5” long, widest near base; cup thick with loose overlapping scales, covers 1/3-1/2 of the nut Bark: light gray, rough, flaky ridges Uses: wood is heavy, hard, strong. Quality of wood is excellent; used for basket splits, thus often called “basket oak. Used for fence posts, agriculture implements,

  14. Family Fagaceae Quercus virginiana P. Mill. live oak Size and Form:Tree characteristically forms a broad spreading crown. Live oak was one of the first species to be planted and managed for timber in the U.S. The only important “live oak” of eastern North America. Resistance to salt spray and high soil salinity Habitat:Moderately tolerant, dry sand-plain species; although found on a variety of sites including very wet sites Acorn:Dark brown to black acorn with cap enclosing 1/3 of the nut Leaves: evergreen; thus the name “live oak”, oblong to elliptical, 2-5” long; dark glossy green upper, paler below Bark:dark reddish-brown to black, becomes blocky on older stems Uses: wood is heavy, hard, strong, suitable for construction material and used extensively for keels on wooden ships.. Old trees are classic emblems of the “old south” with branches adorned with spanish moss.

  15. Post Hurricane Katrina Damage of Coastal Live Oaks in Long Beach, Mississippi This block in Long Beach – “Slabbed”

  16. Family Fagaceae Quercus coccinea Muenchausen scarlet oak Farrar p. 255 Size and Form: Medium sized tree 70-80 Ft. Found mostly in the Appalachian Central Hardwood, and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions with occasional disjunct populations on the Gulf Coastal plain. Habitat: Grows well on dry ridges and upper slopes; more intolerant than most of oaks. Ability to make rapid growth on drier sites makes it an important species of the climax forest of the Appalachians and eastward. Leaves: Alternate, simple, 3 – 7 inches long 2 to 5 inches wide and very deeply 5 – 9 lobed with circular sinuses extend more than half-way to midrib. Fruit:Concentric rings on top of acorn help ID this species; nearly ½ of kernel encased in cup. Bark becoming darker with irregular ridges separated by shallow fissures. Uses: construction lumber, flooring, beams, furniture, planking. Ornamental because of hardiness rapid growth and drought tolerance and brilliant autumn leaf colors. Acorns for wildlife mast.

  17. Family Fagaceae Quercus falcata Michaux. Southern red oak Size and Form: Medium sized 50-80’.round crown composed of large branches.Most common of upland southern oaks Habitat: Very common species of the southern uplands; particularly characteristic of the drier, poorer soils. Not a bottomland species except for small, minor stream bottoms. Leaves:polymorphic: saplings and shade leaves commonly shallowly 3-lobed near apex; upper crown leaves 3-7 lobes, terminal lobe often prolonged. U-shaped base helps distinguish it from cherrybark oak with a wedge-shaped leaf base. Bark: Bark is dark with thick tight blocks and ridges. Acorns:cup reddish-brown, pubescent on both sides, covers 30% of nut. Nut is brown and striated Uses: construction lumber, furniture, interior finish, veneer. Mast for wildlife.

  18. Family Fagaceae Quercus pagoda Rafinesque cherrybark oak Size and Form:A more massive better formed tree than southern red oak. 100-130’ tall, previously considered a variety of southern red oak and thus was Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia. Habitat:Cherrybark oak occurs mainly on better drained bottomland sites (white map areas) in the south and south central US; also common on moist upland sites Leaves: Alternate, simple, (Sun leaves at top, shade leaves below); note leaf shapes Acorn: chestnut brown scales and pubescent inside cup, covers 30-50% of nut. Nut is brown with faint stripes Bark: tends to form narrow, flaky ridges, shallow furrows. Uses: Exceptional quality wood, heavy, strong, used for furniture, flooring, interior finish, veneer. Highest timber value among southern red oaks.

  19. Family Fagaceae Quercus nigra L. water oak Size and Form: 60-70’ tall Habitat: Best growth is on better drained sites in bottomlands, where it and cherrybark oak often dominate stands. More tolerant of upland sites than willow oak. Rapid growth and wide site tolerance lead to water oak being used extensively in the South as an ornamental Leaves: Alternate, simple, margin entire, base wedge-shaped, immature leaves are irregularly lobed; mature leaves are typically spatulate shaped. Acorn: cup shallow, pubescent, nut nearly round, almost black with faint stripes. Bark: light brown to black, furrowed, scaly ridges. Uses:rough construction lumber, rapid growth and dense foliage for ornamental.

  20. Family Fagaceae Quercus stellata Wanggenh. post oak Size and Form: 40-50 ft tall and 1-2 ft dbh. Habitat intolerant; typically found in dry sandy or gravelly sites. Found throughout the southeastern US. Hybridizes with other white oaks. Common component of barrens on drier sites w/ black, blackjack, scarlet oaks, hickories, pines, eastern redcedar Leaves: 6-10” long, leathery, 5 lobes, two middle lobes square, forming a cross; Twigs: Twigs stout, gray or tawny-tomentose, dotted with lenticels Fruit: Acorns are 1/2 - 2/3” long, ovoid, sometimes striped; cap bowl-shaped and warty, covering 1/3-1/2 of nut; Bark: gray, shallow fissures, scaly ridges Uses: similar to white oak. Marketed as white oak when merchantable; acorns are a very important wildlife food source

  21. Family Fagaceae Quercus phellos L.willow oak Size and Form: medium sized to large tree 80-100 Open grown trees have dense crowns Habitat: intolerant.A true bottomland species, does well even on saturated soils. Name comes from the linear to linear-lanceolate willow-like leaves. Perhaps the most widely planted shade and street tree in the South. Bark: fairly smooth on young stems, develops shallow fissures with age. Acorn:cup shallow, saucer-shaped, scales and inner surface pubescent, covers up to 33% of nut. Nut is brown with faint stripes Uses: important source of lumber and pulp. Widely used as a shade tree. Acorn mast for wildlife.

  22. Family Juglandaceae Carya glabra Mill.pignut hickory Farrar p. 208 Size and Form: Small- to medium-sized tree (~55’). Habitat:Generally intermediate tolerance, but varies greatly. Upland species, frequently found on ridgetops and sideslopes Leaves: Alternate, compound, 6 to 10” long, with 5 leaflets (sometimes 7). Bark: Smooth on young trees. Later developing close interlacing ridges. Medium to dark gray in color. Fruit: Nut in smooth, thin, shiny husk. Pear-shaped husk is tardily dehiscent about halfway to base 1 to 2” long. Seed is bitter Uses: wood is heavy, hard, strong. Used for tool handles, sporting goods, agricultural implements, mallets and maul handles

  23. Family Juglandaceae Carya tomentosa Nutt. mockernut hickory Farrar p. 203 Size and Form: Small- to medium-sized tree (~50’) Habitat:Intolerant. Commonly found on dry upland sites. Best growth on more mesic, fertile sites. Slow growth rate. Leaves: Alternate, compound, 8 to 20” long, with 7 or 9 leaflets (rarely 5). Terminal leaflet 4 to 8” long, 2 to 3” wide.Leaflets very fragrant. Twigs/buds:Stout, pubescent. Terminal bud large (½ to ¾”) with bud scales deciduous revealing a silky paler bud Fruit: Nut in dark red-brown dehiscent husk. 1 ½ to 2” long. Thick husk splits clear to base. Seed is sweet Bark: Gray, tight and firm. Low, rounded interlacing ridges and shallow furrows. Uses: Preferred wood for smoking ham. Preferred mast for wildlife

  24. Family Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar styraciflua L. sweetgum Farrar p. 240 Size and Form: Up to 100’ tall. One of the most widespread spp. in southern forests. Habitat: Intolerant, it is a very aggressive pioneer due to prolific seeding and aggressive sprouting and root suckering. Very plastic species, found on many site conditions; best growth on rich, moist alluvial soils Leaves: Alternate, simple, star-shaped leaves palmately lobed with 5-7 lobes.Margins finely serrate, orbicular approximately circular in outline, Twigs:often, but not always, have corky wings Bark: gray to gray-tan, furrowed, rounded, narrow, scaly ridges Fruit: is amultiple of beaked capsules in distinctive “gumballs”. Uses: extensively for hardwood pulp, hardwood veneer, other wood products. Attractive fall foliage makes sweetgum a desirable ornamental (except for gumballs).

  25. Family Cornaceae Nyssasylvatica Marsh.Blackgum Farrar p. 402 Size and Form: Medium-sized tree, 90-degree branching angle is very distinctive Habitat:shade tolerant tree found on wide range of sites throughout much of eastern US.,usually found on light-textured soils of uplands and stream bottoms. Leaves: alternate, simple, obovate to oblong,often have 1-2 teeth near apex Twigs/bud: 3 distinct bundle scars. Multi-colored imbricate buds w/ gray color at tip due to fine silky pubescence. Pith is sometimes described as having hard dark green crossbars (diaphramed). Bark: scaly or ridged when young, often becoming blocky on older trees Fruit: is a dark blue-black drupe Uses:Brilliant fall coloration makes this tree a desirable ornamental

  26. Family Cornaceae Nyssaaquatica L.water tupelo Size and Form: A medium to large,long-lived tree of southern swamps and floodplains where its root system is periodically under water. Characterized by buttressed trunk tapering to long, clear bole.Generally occurs in pure stands or in mixture w/ baldcypress Habitat:Intolerant of shade – will not tolerate overtopping competition Leaves: Alternate, simple, entire or irregularly dentate. These leaves are pubescent below. The petioles are grooved and pubescent. Fruit: is an elongated drupe; ½ to 1½” long. Larger than those of blackgum and eaten by several wildlife species. Bark: gray to light brown, blocky (alligator skin appearance), buttressed trunks Uses: Wood used for lumber, veneer, and pulp;root wood is used for bottle corks and fishnet floats.. Fruit is important food for wood ducks and other wildlife; bees favor flowers and produce tupelo honey.

  27. Family Cupressaceae Taxodium distichum var distichum (L.) Rich. Baldcypress Farrar p. 36 Size and Form:This is a tall tree, 100 to 140 feet tall.Trunks show considerable taper especially in the older examples. Habitat:Intermediate shade tolerance. Over 90% of natural baldcypress stands are on flat topography or in slight depressions; sites are characterized by frequent, prolonged flooding, The height of the knees is a good indicator of the level of periodic flooding Needles:yellow-green, feathery, linear, flat, spiral, two-ranked in one plane, deciduous along with supporting twigs. Cones:are green when immature, turn brown. The peltate scales separate from the cone to release the seed. Bark: ashy gray to reddish-brown, coarsely fissured, scaly plates, peels to fibrous stripes. Trunks very commonly swollen; Uses: Construction timber, bark for mulch Cypress knees” are unique; purpose is unknown but presumably has a function in respiration.

  28. Lake Maurepas, Louisiana Field Survey Site 8

  29. Family Magnoliaceae Magnolia grandiflora L.southern magnolia Size and Form:Planted throughout the south but natural range is the Southern Coastal Plain.Pyramidal crown shape. Habitat:intermediate to tolerant; member of late-seral forest communities in southeastern US. Leaves: Alternate, simple, typically persist 2 years, large leaves, margins entire, ovate to elliptical,dark green above, shiny, pubescent, rusty red below Bark: light brown to gray-brown, smooth, then lightly furrowed with age with scaly flat plates Uses:excellent ornamental species -- it is the state tree of Mississippi and the state flower of Louisiana. Seeds are eaten by some animals, wood is used for pulp, veneer, furniture, and trim. The large showy flowers are the namesake of the species and one reason for its use as an ornamental

  30. Family Aquafoliaceae Ilex opaca Ait. American holly Size and Form: Medium size tree. Found throughout the Southeast and as far north as coastal Massachusetts. Habitat: Best growth on moist upland sites, although largest trees found on bottomlands of Coastal Plains. Shade Tolerant. Leaves: Alternate simple, evergreen with spines on margins. Leaves are waxy wavy and set with sharp teeth, dark green and lustrous above, paler and glabrous below Fruit: showy red berry. Bark: thin gray sometimes roughened or warty Uses: The fruit of the holly is a very powerful emetic and was used by the indians to induce vomiting (a real BRF for this one!). The berries are said to be poisonous so this is not recommended. A very pleasing tea is made from dried brown leaves. This tea was used by the pioneers to reduce fever, induce sweating and to stimulate appetite.

  31. Family Betulaceae Carpinus caroliniana ironwood or blue-beech Size and Form:Small tree . Able to develop dense understory/midstory layer in bottomland hardwood stands which can cause regeneration problems for desired species Habitat:Very shade tolerant. Best growth is on rich, wet-mesic sites; but not restricted to such sites and can tolerate a wide variety of conditions. Leaves: Alternate, simple, elliptic, arranged in two rows on the twig, veins straight parallel , ending in a sharp tooth Bark:Smooth, slate gray, fluted often crooked bark when young,,resembling flexed muscles, can become ridged and furrowed with age. Fruit: small, ovoid, ribbed nut Uses: tool handles

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