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Vector Born Diseases in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Introduction. Kingdom is affected by many vector borne disease Like most tropical and subtropical countries. Since 1948, anti-malaria activities started around the oil fields in the Eastern province by the ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company).In 1963, the government and WHO signed the first pl

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Vector Born Diseases in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

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    1. Vector Born Diseases in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia By: Suleiman M. Alseghayer Assistant Director General for Parasitic Diseases and Director of Malaria

    2. Introduction Kingdom is affected by many vector borne disease Like most tropical and subtropical countries. Since 1948, anti-malaria activities started around the oil fields in the Eastern province by the ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company). In 1963, the government and WHO signed the first plan of protection as a pre-eradication program along the lines of the global malaria eradication program.

    3. Introduction In early 1970s, malaria transmission was arrested in the Eastern and Northern provinces . In 1980, it was cleared from the pilgrimage area of the Western province and the main valley of Asir plateau. However, there are still residual foci inside the valleys of Hijaz-Aseer mountains.

    4. Introduction In 1986, the malaria control program has been fully integrated with the primary health care system.

    5. Malaria The most important vector born disease in KSA. Mainly transmitted by anophles arabiensis. Malaria foci is concentrated in the South and southwestern part of the Kingdom.(Gazan ,Aseer, Makkah,Al Baha , Qunfoda and Al Taief Regions respectively). Gazan area represents the highest malaria endemic area in the kingdom.

    6. Local Malaria Cases Reported at Endemic Areas (Saudi Arabia 1997-2002)

    7. Malaria Incidance/10000 (1997-2002)

    8. Leishmaniasis The two forms of Cutaneous leishmaniasis ,Zoonotic and tropical types are transmitted by the Sandfly species Phlebotomus papatasi and Phlebotomus sergenty Respectively Cutaneous leishmaniasis are endemic in the central ,Eastern and southern parts of the Kingdom.

    9. Leishmaniasis The annual total number of Cutaneous leishmaniasis varies from 8000 to nearly 14000 cases per year. Visceral leishmaniasis (infantile Kala-azar) being transmitted by Sandflies the vector of which is not incriminated yet are found in Gazan and Aseer Regions. Few sporadic cases were recorded in Maddina Region. The total annual cases of VL varies between 250 -300 cases per year.

    10. Dengue fever Dengue fever being mainly transmitted by the mosquitoe species Aedes aegyptii is endemic in the Western parts of the kiigdom ( Jeddah).

    11. No. of Dengue fever cases recorded in Jeddah province 2000-2003

    12. Rift valley fever Vectors of Rift valley fever are the mosquitoes Aedes and Culex species.The disease is known to be fatal disease. Mmortality rate about 10 % of infected individuals during the outbreak that hit some Regions in the Kingdom during the year 2000.

    13. Distribution of Rift valley fever cases in the Kingdom 2000.

    14. Cutaneous Myasis Sporadic case of cutaneous myasis being transmitted by the fly cordolobia were recorded in many Regions mainly Aseer, Makkah, Gazan, Al Taief, Nagran and AL Baha Regions.

    15. Nuber of Cutaneous Myasis recorded in the Kingdom during the period 1999 –2002

    16. Control of Vector borne diseases Malaria control: A. Larvaeciding: i.Temeohos 50% EC (No resistance recorded) ii.Temephos 1% Granueles (No resistance recorded) Insect growth regulator: i.Pyriproxyfen 0.5% Granules ii.Diflubenzuron 1% WP

    17. Control of Vector borne diseases Biological control: Baccillus thurengensis 1200 IU/mg Larvivorous fish ( Limited application) B. Adult mosquitoes control : Residual house spraying before transmission season: i.Deltamethrin 25 WP ii.Lambdacyhalothrin 10% (Suspended in 2003)

    18. Control of Vector borne diseases Space spraying using pyrethroids (ULV and thermal fogg) during transmission season and mosquitoes population peaks. Aerial spray in swampy areas (Ministry of Agriculture).

    19. Control of Vector borne diseases Distribution of impregnated bednets to protect high risk groups and areas where no control measures take place. i. Remote areas ii. bordering villages iii. Mountainous areas iv. Pregnant women and children less than 5 years.

    20. Control of Vector borne diseases Leishmaniasis control:   Space spraying using pyrethroids (ULV and Thermal fogg) Residual spray of rodent burrows in highly infested areas. Removal of chenopod plantation from houses surrounding. Destruction of rodent burrows.

    21. Control of Vector borne diseases Rift valley and Dengue fever control  Same methods applied for Malaria mosquitoes control with collaboration with other governmental sectors such as Ministries of Municipalities, Agriculture, transportation and other related governmental sectors.

    22. Control of Vector borne diseases   Cutaneous Myasis control: I. Improving sanitation. ii.Control of flies using insecticides and fly baits. iii.Cleaning of animal chides.

    23. Control of Vector borne diseases In addition to the above mentioned methods of vector control measures the following supplementary measures are taking place for vector borne disease control in the Kingdom: Treatment of all cases Source reduction Health education Community participation Proper Sanitation  

    24. The use of Insecticide Impregnated Bed nets as a Tool for the Prevention of Some Vector Borne Diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia In some foci in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Southern, Southwestern and Western) Malaria, RVF and Dengue fever transmitted by: Anophles arabiensis Anophles sergenti Aedes species. Culex species. Outbreak of Rift valley fever attacked Gazan, Aseer and Qunfoda Regions which are known to be Malariaous area . Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Visceral leishmaniasis transmitted by the sandfly species Phlebotomus are endemic in many Regions. Application of insecticide impregnated bed nets considered one of the useful means of protection against vector borne diseases.

    25. Application of Insecticide Impregnated Bednets in the Kingdom A pilot trial for the use of impregnated bednets was carried out in Aseer Region. Aseer: 78% of individuals of the study group used the bednets regularly 94.4% of individuals are interested to use bednets. Malaria cases declined during the study period from 277/1000 to 124/1000. Mass application of impregnated bednets started in the year 2000 after the outbreak of Rift valley fever.

    26. Number of Impregnated bed nets Distributed by the Ministry of Health (2000-2003)

    27. Number of bed nets Distributed in Gazan Region (2000)

    28. Number of bed nets Distributed in Gazan Region (2001)

    29. Number of bed nets Distributed in Gazan Region (2002)

    30. Number of bed nets Distributed in Gazan Region (2003)

    31. Number of bednets Distributed in Aseer Region (August 2000 to August 2003)

    32. Number of bed nets Distribution in Qunfoda Province During 2001

    33. Number of bednets Distributed in Qunfoda Province During 2003

    34. Number of bednets distributed in Theriban Province During 2001

    35. Constraints 1- Difficulty in reimpregnation of bednets due to poor cooperation of inhabitants        2- Lack of multisectoral collaboration        3- Lack of monitoring and evaluation        4- Weakness of community participation      5- Misuse and lack of care for bednets     6- Improper health education

    36. Thank you

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