Historical Cartography of Rio de Janeiro: Spatial and Temporal Reconstitution of Downtown

1. Historical Cartography of Rio de Janeiro: Spatial and Temporal Reconstitution of Downtown Douglas Corbari Corrêa, DSc Brazilian Army – Geographic Service – 5th DL douglascorbari@gmail.com Paulo Márcio Leal de Menezes, DSc UFRJ – Geography Department pmenezes@unisys.com.br

2. Summary Introduction Cartography and Rio de Janeiro City Downtown Rio Methodological Procedures Conclusion

3. Introduction Past and Present: streets of downtown Observation through the maps Center of the City of Rio de Janeiro: transformations more then 400 years heart of the city maps from 1700 until 2000

4. Goals To build maps of comparison of historical maps of Downtown Rio dating from different and significant periods, considering the features corresponding to the streets and shoreline; and To propose a methodology for registration of those maps in pairs, even when they do not have well defined scale, projection or coordinates.

5. Old maps x historical maps Foundation of the city: 1565 Initial selection of maps: Historical highlights Cartographical highlights Cartography and Rio de Janeiro City

6. André Thevet Chart (1560) • French contribution

7. Jacques de Vaulx Chart (1579) • French contribution • First plan of the city • First economic and topographic map of ‘Carioca’ land

8. Chart of Rio de Janeiro, by Luiz Teixeira (1586) • First specialized Portugese chart of Guanabara region • Beginning of the expansion of the city toward the meadow, between Castelo and São Bento hills.

9. Reys-Boeck Chart (1624) • Dutch activity • Expansion through the meadow among Castelo, São Bento, Conceição and Santo Antônio hills.

10. Albernaz I Chart (1626) • Strong iconographic representation

11. Appearance of Rio de Janeiro, by Albernaz II (1666) • Incorrect geometry • Ocupation of the city

12. 18th Century: Scientific mapping Astronomy and surveying Orthogonal projection Cartography and Rio de Janeiro City

13. Trench • Orthogonal projection Plan of the city of Rio de Janeiro, by Roscio (1769)

14. Influence of the arrival of the royal family. Plan of the city, by order of the Regent Prince (1812)

15. Shadow techniques • Geometric details Map of Downtown Rio (1838)

16. Plan of Urban Improvements of Mayor Pereira Passos (1906) • Reform of Mayor Pereira Passos • Central Avenue

17. Seven colours, contour lines • Austrian Cartographic Mission • Independence centenary Chart of Rio de Janeiro, by Military Geographic Service (1922)

18. Topographic Chart, by DSG (1987) • Legend, projection, coordinates, ... • Expansion of the city

19. Ortophoto of Downtown Rio (East Side). Date of flight: 1999. Source: IPP (2008).

20. Ortophoto of Downtown Rio (West Side). Date of flight: 1999. Source: IPP (2008).

21. Downtown Rio The Center of Rio or Downtown Rio wasnotalwayswhere it is today Sugar Loaf/Cara de Cão Hill; Carioca River; Castelo Hill; plain among the hills Castelo, São Bento, Conceição and Santo Antônio Anchorage; proximity to water; security/defense Center as a pole, which attracts political, social and economical activities. Description and delimitation of the center: decree – July 23rd 1981 The Center of Rio went through many transformations in its landscape, involving construction and demolition over time

22. Downtown Rio (Centro) and Adjacent Neighborhoods Gamboa Santo Cristo Saúde CENTRO Cidade Nova Estácio Glória Catumbi Santa Teresa Source: Adapted from IPP (2008)

23. Construction / Demolition Dinamism Relief / Urban Network Reasons: Air, hygiene, sanitary, esthetic, modernity, economical interests Examples: Construction of Central Avenue (1905) Demolition of Castelo Hill (1922) Construction of Presidente Vargas Avenue (1944) Downtown Rio

24. Demolition of Castelo Hill. Source: Arquivo da Cidade (2002)

25. MethodologicalProcedures Flowchart of Stages

26. Resolution(dpi) 72, 96, 110, 300, 600 Post-selection criteria Orthogonal projection Geometric shapes and relative positioning Streets and shoreline Scale compatibility 1769, 1838, 1906, 2000 Methodological Procedures

27. Georeferencing Afine x Adjust Comparison of Maps Comparison in pairs between vectorial subsequent maps, from the most recent to the oldest one. Historical Sync Analysis Methodological Procedures

28. Synthesis Map [1906 x 2000] Streets_2000 ________ Streets_1906 ________ Shoreline_2000 ________ Shoreline_1906 ________

29. Synthesis Map [1838 x 1906] Streets_1906 ________ Streets_1838 ________ Shoreline_1906 ________ Shoreline_1838 ________

30. Synthesis Map [1769 x 1838] Streets_1838 ________ Streets_1769 ________ Shoreline_1838 ________ Shoreline_1769 ________

31. Conclusion Qualityconcerningresolution in scaningprocess Controlpointsidentification Vectorialdigitalization Frenchinvasions, constructionoffortifications, royalfamily in Brazil, constructionofavenues, anddemolitionof Castelo Hill, ... Chalenges: scale, coordinates system, projection, lowresolution SynthesisMaps Spatial-temporalevolutioncanbereconstituted Planningpolicy Expasionoftheurban network HighdensityatDowntown Extensionofshoreline, and, then, its stagnation