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Business

Business. Quiz grading? Some answers that were meant to be partial credit, were marked “all or nothing”, If this happened to you, drop off suspect quizzes in my mailbox in room 315. I’ll post all grades (as well as extra credit) Week 10 (Friday). Seminar.

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Business

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  1. Business • Quiz grading? • Some answers that were meant to be partial credit, were marked “all or nothing”, • If this happened to you, drop off suspect quizzes in my mailbox in room 315. • I’ll post all grades (as well as extra credit) Week 10 (Friday).

  2. Seminar Wednesday, June 5, Biology 212, 4 pm " Mining the Human Genome Using Protein Structure Homology ", Randall Ketchem, Immunex Corporation. 5 points for attendance, 1-5 points each person for good questions during the Q/A period after the talk.

  3. This Week • Chapters 9, 10.1 and 10.4 - 10.7 for reference, • exam material will be on lecture content for the above, • sample questions, and questions for these chapters are posted. • Exam Friday: Assignments in Chapters 6, 11, 8, 9 and 10. All lecture material.

  4. RNA can be Autocatalytic • Group I and Group II introns, • found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and sometimes in bacteria,

  5. Group II Introns

  6. Eukaryotic Intron Excision(not autocatalytic)

  7. Spliceosomes ... small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs): • RNA molecules that act as catalysts in spliceosomes, • catalytic RNAs that have probably evolved from ancient RNA enzymes (ribozymes). …work in concert with > 50 proteins to facilitate intron identification and removal, • snRNPs: RNA/Potein structures.

  8. Psuedouradine (y) U1 and U2 U1 binds to the 5’ exon/intron junction. U2 binds to the adenosine at the branch site. Think about the required specificity for intron identification in cells.

  9. mRNA Processing

  10. …complicated biochemistry, lots of sub-units. Polyadenylation AAUAA: concensus poly-A recognition site.

  11. Alternate mRNA Processing …recognition of different poly-A sites. …alternate splicing.

  12. Complexity Calcitonin gene.

  13. replication Central Dogma DNA transcription RNA (alternately processed) translation Protein ?

  14. Genome Transcriptome Proteome Expanded Central Dogma • Genome... the dynamic complement of genetic material in an individual, • Transcriptome... mRNA component in an individual, • complexity increases resulting from transcription control and transcription and post-transcription modification, • Proteome... the protein component of an individual, • complexity increases due to post-translational modification, protein-protein interactions, etc.

  15. Translation …the synthesis of a polypeptide. This occurs on ribosomes using the information encoded on mRNA, • tRNA molecules mediate the transfer of information between mRNA and the growing polypeptide.

  16. Initiation “el”: elongation factors. Recent reports of “alternate” translation start sites indicate that further complexity in protein production amy occr at the translational level.

  17. amino acid attachment site: each amino acid has specific tRNA(s), anti-codon: site of interaction with the mRNA template. tRNA

  18. tRNA secondary structure ‘reveals’ a three base pair structure on one end, The ‘Ends’ to the Means Specific anti-codons for specific amino acid designation. “anti” = complementary

  19. Ribosomes …a supramolecular complex of rRNA and proteins, approximately 18 - 22 nm in diameter, …the site of protein synthesis,

  20. Ribosome Structure

  21. E site (exit): uncharged tRNAs are discharged from here. A site (amino acyl): binds the tRNA that holds the next amino acid, P site (peptidyl): binds the tRNA that holds the growing polypeptide. Structure/Function

  22. small sub-unit and a charged Met-tRNA (methionine) forms the initiation complex, large sub-unit binds the complex, P site associates with the Met-tRNA. Initiation

  23. 1. recognition: tRNA anti-codon matches RNA codon, (uncharged tRNA exits) leaves open A site, cycle repeats. 2. amino acid(s) from P site tRNA transfered to the new tRNA, peptide bond formed, 3. translocation, tRNAs shift, mRNA shifts 1 codon, Elongation (3 steps)

  24. hydrolysis reaction Peptide Linkage

  25. stop codon attracts a protein release factor, hydrolysis of last tRNA/amino acid yields terminal carboxyl group, ribosome disassembles. Termination

  26. N-Terminus --> C-Terminus ...polypeptides are synthesized beginning from the N-terminus (amino terminus) and going to the C-terminus (carboxy terminus), …this corresponds to the 5’-3’DNA Coding sequence.

  27. Wobble: the third nucleotide is not necessarily specific.

  28. After the Exam • Functional Genomics; • finish reading Chapter 11, • More Chapters - or - Jeff’s Journal Club?

  29. If Jeff’s Journal Club? • Final: 2 of the following 3 choices, • 1 hour exam covering recent materials, • 2 page review of an assigned paper, • Self-study of a remaining chapter in the text, answers to the “odd” problems.

  30. If not Jeff’s Journal Club? • Chapter 11 and 12, plus Lectures (mostly Lectures), • Final (2 hours): • 1 hour covering recent materials, • 1 hour of integrative questions.

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