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Cell Cycle

Honors Biology Chapter 8. Cell Cycle. Just what does a cell do with all its time?. Cell Division. Cell undergoes reproduction Makes “daughter cells” Has to first duplicate its chromosomes WHY? To keep the same number of chromosomes after division. gb. Asexual Reproduction

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Cell Cycle

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  1. Honors Biology Chapter 8 Cell Cycle Just what does a cell do with all its time?

  2. Cell Division • Cell undergoes reproduction • Makes “daughter cells” • Has to first duplicate its chromosomes • WHY? • To keep the same number of chromosomes after division

  3. gb Asexual Reproduction Types of Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction 2 parents 4 offspring Offspring most likely different from parents Meiosis (multicellular eukaryotes) Makes sex cells • One parent • 2 offspring • Offspring identical to parents (if no mutations) • Mitosis (eukaryotes) • Binary fission (prokaryotes + unicellular organisms) • Makes somatic cells (non sex cells)

  4. Types of Asexual Reproduction Budding Regeneration Starfish regeneration Regrowth of a limb or organ after damage (not a form of reproduction of whole organism) • an offspring grows out of the body of the parent. • Hydra • budding hydra (10 secs) • Budding in Hydra (1:27) • Spongebob

  5. Asexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. Aphid Parthenogenesis (Gotta see this one!!!!!!!) Eviction of Drone Bees (5:13) Komodo Dragon Parthenogenesis Reproduction

  6. Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation Planaria Regeneration Body of parent breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can produce an offspring (is a form of reproduction)

  7. Asexual Reproduction Gemmules (internal buds) -Sexual reproduction of the sponge -Sponges: Facts Internal budding of coral (mushroom coral 55 secs.) • internally-produced, asexual bud (new sponge – even if adult does not survive)- usually under stress

  8. Asexual Reproduction: Vegetative (no seeds or spores) In Plants • Rhizomes • Tubers • Bulb • Corm TUBERS Asexual Vegetative Propagation

  9. Asexual Reproduction Paramecium (a protist) Amoeba (a protist) Binary Fission in amoeba Amoeba division (1:55) • Paramecium Binary fission

  10. Asexual Reproduction Spores in Plants and Fungi Mold spore dispersal Mold spore dispersal youtube Powder inside a puffball is actually the spores • Little black dots of bread mold are spores (becomes an organism)

  11. Yeast budding Bacteria Binary Fission Small growth becomes full yeast cell yeast budding time lapse Cell enlarges and splits in half binary fission of bacteria

  12. Recap: Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission Mitosis a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its nucleus into two identical nuclei. • Division of a cell (prokaryotes and unicellular organisms) into two identical cells

  13. BINARY FISSION For prokaryotes and unicellular protists • 1-Chromosome duplicates • 2-cell elongates as chromosomes move to poles • 3-plasma membrane moves inward and cell wall is made You Tube Binary Fission

  14. Mitosis: How eukaryotes divide Must divide the genetic material

  15. ALL DNA + Protein CHROMATIN Loose During non-division CHROMOSOME Single stranded Somewhat coiled Visible with microscope CHROMATID Paired homologous chromosomes during cell division Densely coiled Visible with microscope Not visible with light microscope

  16. Chromosomes and centromeres • Each chromosome strand has its own centromere

  17. Centromere: constricted area of two sister chromatids

  18. Sister Chromatids:Identical copies of Genetic MaterialHappens during S phase

  19. During cell division, the DNA replicates. The replicating DNA molecules attach to the plasma membrane. As the cell elongates, the chromosomes are pulled apart.

  20. Prokaryotes • No membrane around nucleus • Simpler • Smaller • Single chromosome • Divide by binary fission • Eukaryotes • Membrane around nucleus • More complex • Larger • Many chromosomes • Divide by mitosis or meiosis

  21. How many genes?Genes:working subunits of DNA. • In a human cell • ~21,000 • In a bacterial cell • ~3,000

  22. Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Used to replace dead cells Growth of new parts (size) New organism identical to parent -Used to make egg and sperm (that will join later) -Increases diversity

  23. Cell Cycle Game Top 10 most visited educational games 1. The Blood Typing Game 2. The Laser Challenge Game 3. The DNA - the Double Helix Game 4. The Pavlov's Dog Game 5. The Diabetic Dog Game 6. The Lord of the Flies Game 7. The Electrocardiogram Game 8. The Immune System Game 9. The Control of the Cell Cycle Game 10. The Split Brain Experiments Game • Enter the Cell Cycle Game • Nobelprize.org • (use Firefox ) • “Educational Games” • Scroll down to • Cell cycle game • FUN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

  24. Cell Cycle • = Time from when a cell is first formed from its dividing parent cell to its own division into daughter cells. • Cell Division and Cell Cycle Sit back and relax and enjoy the big picture of cell division (5.5 mins)

  25. Cell Cycle • Time from first formed from a dividing parent to until its own cell division • mcgraw-hill cell cycle

  26. Get out your worksheet to fill out what happens in each phase (back of Nobelprize.org “cell cycle game” • Eukaryotic Cell Cycle You Tube (4:20) • Interphase = G1, S, G2 = 90% of time • Mitosis= cell divides = 10% of time

  27. What phases make up interphase? (G1, S, G2)

  28. G1 • Growth of the Cell • Makes more organelles (mitochondria and ribosomes) • Plasma membrane got larger (needs more lipids, carbos, proteins) • High energy activity (cell resp.) • FYI Typical cell 8-10 hours

  29. Go • Resting or Permanently no division • Maximum Surface area/volume EXAMPLES: Nerve (brain) cells • Muscle • OR * Liver (will exit Go if damaged) Go

  30. S Phase • DNA synthesis (replicates, makes a copy) • At the end the chromosomes consist of sister chromatids • FYI Typical cell 6-8 hours

  31. G2 • Growth for mitosis • Check for DNA accuracy • Final prep before mitosis • Centrosome Doubles (MTOC) • FYI Typical cell 4-6hours

  32. McGraw-Hill: How the cell cycle works • Which of the following represents the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle? • A) G1 -> G2 -> S -> M • B) G1 -> G2 -> M -> S • C) G1 -> S -> G2 -> M • D) G1 -> S -> M -> G2 • E) G1 -> M -> G2 -> S

  33. Can you tell what goes on in each? • Cell Cycle Movie • Try this one…"The Cell Cycle" - multimedia animation by Yannick Mahe and Bernard Ducommun

  34. Mitosis (add to cell cycle diagram)Mitosis Cell Drive Through (1:44)Mitosis Video (6:11) • Asexual Cell division • PPMAT • Less than 1 hour

  35. Mitosis Phases(1:22 fly-through) • Mitosis Animation scroll to middle of page (nice and slow so you can concentrate on all that is happening) • Mitosis youtube (2:47)

  36. Plant and Animal Cell Mitosis • Plant cell mitosis | Flash simulation, Animation, Illustration, Picture, Diagram – eduMedia • Mitosis | Flash simulation, Animation, Illustration, Picture, Diagram - eduMedia

  37. Can you tell which phase?

  38. Which theory is how the cell cycle works?

  39. Which theory is how the cell cycle works?

  40. Control of the Cell Cycle*McGraw-Hill animation__control_of_the_cell_cycle.html • Like a control knob of an automatic washing machine… Get analogy handout

  41. Cell Cycle Checkpoints(get out your cell cycle handout) • Cell Cycle Checkpoints (6:13) • Cell cycle checkpoints = regulatory pathways that control the order and timing (starting/stopping) of cell cycle transitions • (at G1, G2, M)

  42. Block out If there is an error at any area, it will be fixed or the cell cycle will stop.

  43. (see analogy handout)Checkpoints: will give the cell a signal to proceed to next phase • G1Cell growth (big enough? Proteins for DNA synthesis? Nutrients?) to replication or G0 • G2 DNA synthesis (any DNA repair?) Size? • M Mitosis (chromosome attachment to spindles)

  44. Write this on Cell Cycle Diagram • GO • Growth Factors (GF) • Oncogenes • Cyclins and CDKs • STOP • Tumor suppressor genes • CDK inhibitors

  45. VOCAB WORDS: Growth Factor • When a cell dies, surrounding cells will send out a chemical (GF) that triggers the start of the cell cycle. • McGraw-Hill Growth Factors Animation Dead cells in red

  46. Growth Factor • Protein secreted by body cells to stimulate other cells to divide

  47. Control of the Cell Cycle • VOCAB WORD: Cyclins- proteins that start and stop each step of the cell cycle (concentrations change) • They build up • They break down

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