Verbs and Verbals

1. Verbs and Verbals Infinitives, Gerunds, and Participles

2. Finite and Conjugated Verbs • Conjugated verbs • Verbs in predicates conjugated or formed into tenses, moods, aspects, and voices • Finite verbs • Non-conjugated verbs • Infinitives, Gerunds, or Participles • These are also called VERBALS

3. Verbals are “part verb” • As “part-verb” structures, they retain all of the verb qualities • They may be modified by adverbs • They may take subjects, objects and complements • They may be negated • They may have tenses and/or voices

4. Infinitives may be nominals • Infinitives are the base form of the verb (+ “to”) • To go to class on a beautiful, sunny day is not fun. • “To go to class on a beautiful, sunny day” is the infinitive phrase • “to class” is an adverbial prepositional phrase inside that infinitive phrase and modifying the infinitive “To go” • “on a beautiful, sunny day” is an adverbial prepositional phrase inside that infinitive phrase and modifying the infinitive “To go” • The infinitive phrase is acting as a noun and is the subject of the verb “is” in this pattern 2 sentence.

5. Infinitive is pattern 6 To go to on class day a sunny beautiful is fun not Pattern 3

6. Functions of the Infinitive • Infinitives may act as adverbs • modifying verbs • To fixthe election, Jones named his wife to the commission. • “To fix the election” is an adverb modifying “named” • “the election” is the direct object of the infinitive “To fix” • as adjectives • modifying nouns • and as nouns • subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, subject complements, object complements, appositives

7. Pattern 7 Jones named wife his to to commission fix election the the Infinitive phrase is pattern 7

8. Gerunds • Gerunds are the “ing” form of the verb • Gerunds only act as nouns in sentences • My doctor labels dieting without exercise as the worst possible choice. • “dieting without exercise” is the gerund phrase • “dieting” is the gerund • “without exercise” is an adjectival prepositional phrase modifying that gerund “dieting” • The entire gerund phrase is the direct object of “labels” in this pattern 10 sentence in which “worst possible choice” is the object complement renaming “dieting without exercise”

9. Pattern 6 gerund phrase in DO slot of sentence dieting without exercise as doctor labels choice My worst the possible Pattern 10 sentence

10. Present Participles (not in conjugated verbs!) • Present Participles are also the “ing” form of the verb • Present participles are always active voice • Present participles only act as adjectives. • We live by a running brook. • “running” is the present participle modifying the noun “brook” that is the object of the preposition “by” in this pattern 6 sentence.

11. We live by brook running a

12. Past Participles (not in conjugated verbs!) • Past Participles are the “en” or “ed” form of the verb • Past Participles are always passive voice • Past Participles only act as adjectives • Runoff her feet by the children, Ann slept. • The entire participle phrase “Runoff her feet by the children” modifies “Ann” • The two adverbial prepositional phrases “off her feet” and “by the children” both modify the past participle “Run”

13. Pattern 6 –participial phrase is also pattern 6 Ann slept Run by off children feet her the