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PARASITOLOGY. PROTOZOAN METAZOAN HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS. PARASITOLOGY. Parasites as vectors for disease PARASITES as portals of entry. HEAVY INFESTATIONS. SUBLETHAL LETHAL TOXICITY FROM PARASITES. PROTOZOANS. SINGLE CELLED Eukaryotic organisms Amoeba
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PARASITOLOGY • PROTOZOAN • METAZOAN • HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS
PARASITOLOGY • Parasites as vectors for disease • PARASITES as portals of entry
HEAVY INFESTATIONS • SUBLETHAL • LETHAL • TOXICITY FROM PARASITES
PROTOZOANS • SINGLE CELLED • Eukaryotic organisms • Amoeba • Paramoeba permaquidensis • FLAGELLATED – • Ichthyobodo (Costia) • Cryptobia • Hexamita
PHYLUM CILIOPHORA • CILIATED 2 + NUCLEI • Epistylis, Trichodina, Ichthyophthirius
PHYLUM MICROSPORA • THICK WALLED SPORES • LOMA - CYSTS IN GILLS
MYXOBOLUS (MYXOSOMA) CEREBRALIS • WHIRLING DISEASEFIRST RECORDED IN RBT FROM GERMANY - 1903USA IN FROZEN FISH 1956 • ORIGIN MAY HAVE BEEN NON- PATHOGENIC PARASITE OF NATIVE SALMONIDS CENTRAL EUROPE AND NORTHERN ASIA BROWN TROUT AND ATL SALMON
M. CEREBRALIS • TROPHOZOITES DEVELOP IN CARTILAGE
ANNELID WORMTUBIFEX TUBIFEX • INTERMEDIATE HOST STAGE • SEPARATE TAXONOMY • TRIACTINOMYXON
CONTROL/PREVENTION • CONCRETE RACEWAYS • IMMUNITY??? • MANAGEMENT OF WILD STOCKSMONTANA, COLORADO • IDAHO - MISSING FISH ?
REGULATIONS • FISH DISEASE EMERGENCY MEETING COLORADO MEETING 1988 • DELISTING FROM “TITLE 50”
CERATOMYXA SHASTA • SHASTA COUNTY 1948 • Multicellular trophozoites • Mature spores • TRANSMISSION • Water borne, seasonal
C. shasta • SALINITY • Symptoms
C. shasta • Intestinal infection • Kidney associated
Detection and Control • DIAGNOSIS (confirmation) • CONTROL
PKD/PKX • Proliferative kidney disease • Symptoms
METAZOAN PARASITES • PLATYHELMINTHES - FLAT WORMS • CESTODA - TAPEWORMS • TREMATODES - DIVERSE
CESTODES • ADULTS USUALLY IN INTESTINAL TRACK VERTEBRATES • HERMAPHRODITIC • REPRODUCTION
EXAMPLES OF LIFE CYCLES • Proteocephalid cestodes (Taenia) • Two fishes 1° host (LMB) and 1st intermediate host copepod, 2nd intermediate host is forage fish • Ligula intestinalis, described in 1758 • Adult form in piscivorous birds, eggs released to copepods (first intermediate host), to fish species (second intermediate host)
TREMETODES • MONOGENEA • SPECIES SPECIFIC (some) • ANCHOR = PROHAPTOR, OPISHAPTOR • HERMAPHODITIC
DIGENEA - FLUKES • COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES • -
OTHER FLUKES • SANGUINICOLA
ACANTHOCEPHALA • All require invertebrate host, usually arthropod (intermediate host) • Fish is final host
PHYLUM NEMATODA • MOST REQUIRE INTERMEDIATE HOST
Phylum ANNELIDA - Hirudinea • Leeches feed on worms, insect larvae, snails, and all vertebrates including amphibians • Bisexual • Leeches attacking fishes are not host specific • LEECHES (QUESTION IHNV?)
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA • CLASS CRUSTACEA • sub class COPEPODS - SALMINCOLA - LERNAEA • BRANCHIURA - SEA LICE
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA • FW CLAMS • GLOCHIDIA • Ecology of FW Clams/ Distribution of Molluscs ESA issues - Dams Obstruct Fish Passage