Middle Eastern borders now and then

1. Middle Eastern borders now and then By Christian Urice

2. Beginning of World War 1 • The Allies of the Ottoman Empire were Britain and France • The British divided up the land depending on the Ottoman Empire • When the borders were being distributed they didn’t pay attention to Tribal groups and religious groups • The Ottomans expanded throughout southern and eastern Middle east. • Muslims ruled the Middle east since 1299

3. Winning the War • The Allies won the war in 1918 • They all argued about what the after war was going to be like • Talked about who would get the Ottoman’s land • The Ottoman’s land was made up of many religious groups such as Christian’s, Jews, Arabs • British kept asking the independent countries for their land VICTORY!

4. The Europeans • The British saved the land for further colonial empires • The Brits only got into the middle east’s business because they wanted oil and the they had a lot of it • When they were looking for oil they found a jackpot of it and the Europeans controlled what they did with it • They wanted to get the Islam's a hold on their religion • Promised the Arabians Independence

5. Europeans (Continued) • Balfour claimed that they would help the Jews with fighting for land • They agreed with the French that the Ottoman empire’s land would be evenly divided • Separated the land at the edge of the desert in Saudi Arabia • The British made more problems for themselves and the Middle east because of the oil

6. Ottoman Empire • Ruled the Arabian peninsula Fertile Crescent and Libya • They owned the entire Mediterranean coast • The Europeans controlled what they did with the land • During that time Afghanistan and Iran were completely independent owned by no one • Although Afghanistan and Iran were at war with Russia over oil

7. Ottoman Empire (Continued) • Pakistan and India were in the war with Afghanistan and Iran against Russia • Britain stepped in and helped the Middle East fight against Russia • The Ottoman’s were ruled by the Turkish king • The ethnic and religious groups suffered discrimination • Ottomans were made up of Jews, Christians and Islam's

8. Taif Treaty • Yemen and Saudi Arabia were fighting over the oil in between the two countries • Three islands in the Mediterranean were fought over by Saudi Arabia and Yemen too • Came to and agreement over the red sea war called the Taif Treaty • The two countries couldn’t keep the agreement and ended it with lots of violence • Both countries came to a final agreement of the border lines (what they are today)

9. Taif Treaty (continued) • Even though the borders were already agreed on they still fought over them • There was an oil spill in the red sea that Saudi Arabia fought over with Egypt • 1980’s the civil war in Yemen ended • Once it ended they became into one country • Again in 1992 they fought over the gulf of Aden with Saudi Arabia • Saudi Arabians attacked Yemen over a gulf

10. Oil problems • They split the oil preserve among all the countries that wanted some • Back in 1995 the Tiaf treaty was renewed • Most of the countries didn’t have definite borders causing lots of wars due to countries “stealing” other countries oil • During the late 1900’s there were over 10 oil wars in that short time period

11. Independent countries • Israel beat Jordan and Syria into claiming the land • Once Israel settled into their land they thought of giving the land back • The Sinai peninsula was independent then Egypt took it over • Jordan and Israel formed a treaty to keep each other off one another’s land • Decided that the dead sea was the divider

12. Empires throughout WW1 • The Ottoman Empire ruled from 1700 all the way up to 1912 • In 1948 Israel was officially announced a country • The Europeans ruled Middle East for eight years • In 1997 all countries became independent\

13. Religions of the Middle East • For the first couple years of World War 1 Hinduism took over Middle East • Then Islam’s took over the Saudi Arabian portion • Christianity was the big religion in the later years of the war • In the end up till now they almost all countries are Islam

14. Bibliography • "Imperial History of the Middle East." Maps of War ::: Visual History of War, Religion, and Government. MMVI, 9 Sept. 2006. Web. 20 Feb. 2011. <http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/imperial-history.html>. • Miller, John. "Maps of Religion." Maps of Religion. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. <www.mapsofwar.com/maps-religion.html>. • Jonston, Phill. "Middle East Borders." Middle East Facts. Web. 19 Feb. 2011. <www.http://bigsiteofhistory.com/the-middle-east-after-world-war-one-the-non-western-world>. • "BBC - History - World Wars: The Middle East during World War One." BBC - Homepage. Web. 16 Feb. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml>.

15. Bibliography (continued) • Jason, Stacey. "World War 1 Borders." World War 1 Borders in Middle East. Web. 13 Feb. 2011. <http://www.outreachworld.org/Files/Curriculum/postwwi_1-1.pdf>. • "Israel Border Conflict | Stand for Israel | The Truth Behind the Headlines." Stand for Israel Blog. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. <http://blog.standforisrael.org/issues/security/border-conflict>. • Murphy, Chris. "Saudi Arabia - Yemen Border Dispute." Page Has Moved. Web. 12 Feb. 2011. <http://www1.american.edu/TED/ice/saudi-yemen.htm>. • "Global Connections . Liberia . Timeline | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 23 Feb. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/liberia/timeline/index.html>.