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Objective 2

Objective 2. Organization of living systems Part 1: genetics Part 2: Cells Part 3: Organ Systems. Part 1. Genetics. DNA = Genes = proteins = Life. The process is pretty simple What you NEED to know…… DNA replication RNA transcription Protein translation. DNA basics.

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Objective 2

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  1. Objective 2 Organization of living systems Part 1: genetics Part 2: Cells Part 3: Organ Systems

  2. Part 1 Genetics

  3. DNA = Genes = proteins = Life The process is pretty simple What you NEED to know…… DNA replication RNA transcription Protein translation

  4. DNA basics • 2 basic parts: • Sugar/phosphate backbone • Bases or nucleotides aka “the letters A,T,C, and G” • DNA is stored in the nucleus of the cell to protect it

  5. Nucleotides • Differences in DNA come from the order of the “nucleotides” or “bases” • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) The order of these nucleotides make up instructions that cells use to make proteins (which do all of the work in our bodies).

  6. Base pairs Each nucleotide will attract and bond to ONE other nucleotide. A:TandC:G animation Those are the basics of DNA replication This must be remembered!

  7. DNA Replication • Every cell in your body has a copy of your DNA. When cells divide more DNA needs to be made. • DNA has to be “unzipped” for it to do anything. • DNA Replication: Results in 2 opposite pieces that can pick up more nucleotides to form 2 “new” strands of DNA. • animation

  8. RNA Transcription • DNA is way too important to go cruising around the cell. • RNA takes the information from the DNA to the rest of the cell. • RNA is the “final” blueprint that is used to make proteins. • RNA is a disposable copy of DNA.

  9. DNA vs. RNA • The major difference to remember is that RNA doesn’t make copies of itself. • RNA has 1 strand. • It also uses “U” instead of “T” as a nucleotide. RNA is formed just about the same as DNA… .animation More realistic animation

  10. Protein synthesisanimation • Copies of RNA are “read” to make proteins. • This takes place outside of the nucleus (in the cytoplasm). • Ribosomes “read” the RNA 3 nucleotides at a time. • Every 3 nucleotides code for an amino acid. • The amino acids are attached to each other and make up a protein. • The gene for this protein is still in the nucleus stored in the DNA. • Codon animation

  11. Genetic errors • DNA copies itself millions of times. Eventually it will make a mistake. • If the mistake isn’t corrected a mutation results. • A mutation in DNA will be copied in the RNA. • This might change the resulting protein.

  12. If a mutation does alter a protein 4 things can happen.. • It won’t work • It won’t work as well • It will work better • It could do something completely different.

  13. Part 2 The cell

  14. What we need to know about cells • The cell parts and their functions. • Different types of cells. • How cells stay alive • Passive transport (diffusion) vs. active transport. • Respiration and photosynthesis. • How cells cope with their environment.

  15. Types of cells Both Eukaryotes • There are 3 major types of cells. • Plant cells contain: • chloroplasts • large vacuole • rigid cell wall • Animal cells: • No chloroplasts or cell wall. • Vacuoles are small. • Prokaryote cell (ex. Bacteria): Organelles don’t have membranes. interactive organelle quiz and "build a cell"

  16. Function of Cell Parts

  17. Homeostasis Cells have to be able to control the condition inside of them. Organelles can only function if conditions are right. Homeostasis means that conditions stay the same in the cell regardless of what its like outside.

  18. Passive Transport • Small molecules like oxygen, water, and nitrogen can Diffuse through the cell membrane. • In the case of water this is called Osmosis. • This uses NO ENERGY. • Cell walls help plants deal With this.

  19. Active transport • The cell membrane doesn’t let big molecules out (or in). • The cell wants to let in some stuff (food), get rid of bad stuff (poo), and keep in important stuff (organelles). • Cells have to pick and choose what it wants and move it in or out. • This requires energy.

  20. Examples of Active transport Sea lions drink sea water (salty). To get rid of their salt their bodies produce extremely salty urine 7-8 times saltier than sea water. This is done in the kidneys. Birds and marine reptiles produce very salty tears. Mangroves secrete salt on their leaves. Sea turtle secreting salt through tear ducts.

  21. Photosynthesis Converts light energy into chemical energy. • Chlorophyl absorbs light and makes sugar. • More light=more energy. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  22. Plants use photosynthesisand cellular respiration.

  23. Not all cells are the same! • Parts of a plant will contain more chloroplasts than others – depends on where the light is brightest. • Some animal cells will be packed with mitochondria – depends on how much energy they need. • Example: liver cells are 20% mitochondria. Cardiac cells are over 40% mitochondria.

  24. Leaf Tissue Clear- lets in sunlight. Full of chloroplasts

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