Unit G Emergency Care Skills

1. Unit G Emergency Care Skills

2. 2HV07.01 Acquire Certification in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

3. 2HV07.01 Acquire Certification in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation • Principles of providing first aid • Basic facts about CPR • Performing CPR, one-person rescue • Performing CPR, two person rescue • Performing CPR, infants and children • Obstructed airway, conscious adult • Obstructed airway, unconscious victim • Use of AED

4. 2H07.02 Provide Basic First Aid

5. Bleeding and WoundsAbrasion skin scraped off, bleeding limited

6. Caused by sharp object (pin, nail, etc.) External bleeding minimal, may lead to infection or tetanus Puncture

7. Atearing of tissues from excessive force, jagged edges, bleeding may be heavy. Deep lacerations may become infected Laceration

8. A cut with sharp object such as a knife, scissors, razor blade, etc., if cut is deep, bleeding can be heavy, also can have damage to muscles and nerves Incision

9. Tissue torn or separated from the body, bleeding is heavy, important to preserve the body part because a surgeon may be able to reattach it. Avulsion

10. Amputation Body part cut off or separated from the body, bleeding can be extensive, important to preserve separated part for reattachment. Wrap part in cool, moist dressing (sterile water or saline preferred) and place in plastic bag. Keep bag cool or in ice water and transport with the victim. (Don’t place the body part in direct contact with the ice.)

11. Arterial bleeding is bright red in color and life threatening Venous bleeding is slower and dark red. Arterial & Venous

12. Control Bleeding • Direct Pressure • Elevation • Pressure Bandage • Pressure points • Use protective barrier to control bleeding (gloves) • or thick layers of dressings. Avoid direct contact • with blood. Wash hands after providing first aid.

14. Infection Signs and symptoms of wound infection: • Swelling • Heat • Redness • Pain • Fever • Pus • Red Streaks

15. Tetanus- bacterial infection, most common in puncture wounds, be sure to find out when victim last had tetanus shot, advise to consult medical professional about tetanus booster. Infection

16. If a bruise, apply cold Signs of internal bleeding-pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity, cold and clammy skin, rapid and weak pulse, uncontrolled restlessness, excessive thirst, vomiting blood, blood or urine in feces. Closed Wounds

17. When caring for bleeding/wounds, or any other injury or illness, be alert for signs of shock. Clinical set of signs and symptoms associated with inadequate supply of blood to body organs, especially the brain and heart. [ If not treated shock can lead to death, even when the victim’s injuries are not life threatening.] Shock

18. Shock Caused by: • Hemorrhage • Excessive pain • Infection • Heart attack • Poisoning by chemicals, drugs or gases • Lack of oxygen • Psychological trauma • Dehydration from burns, vomiting, or diarrhea

19. Symptoms • Skin pale or cyanotic • Skin cool to touch • Diaphoresis • Pulse rapid and weak • Respirations rapid and shallow • Hypotension • Victim weak, listless, confused and eventually unconscious • Victim anxious and extremely restless • Victim may complain of excessive thirst • Victim may experience nausea and vomiting • Victim may complain of blurred vision – as shock progresses, eyes may appear sunken and have vacant, confused expression, pupils dilate

20. Get medical help right away. If possible: • Eliminate the cause of shock • Improve circulation to the brain and heart • Provide oxygen • Maintain body temperature

21. Positioning patient depends on injuries: If neck or spinal injury suspected: -do not move the victim

22. Victim has a broken arm, no other apparent injuries. Victim is vomiting and bleeding profusely from a lacerated tongue. Victim has broken ribs and is dyspneic. How would you position the following victims?

23. Shock Cover the patient with blankets or additional clothing. Blankets may also be placed between the ground and the victim. Avoid giving the patient anything to eat or drink. A wet cloth may be used to moisten the lips and mouth. If help wont arrive for more than an hour and dehydration is evident, provide fluids.

24. Poisoning • If poison is ingested, call a poison control center (PCC) or physician immediately. If not available call EMS. • Save the label or container of the substance taken. • If it is helpful to know-estimate how much was taken and the time the poisoning occurred. • If the victim vomits, save a sample. • If the victim is unconscious check for breathing. Provide rescue breathing is the victim is not breathing. If victim is breathing, turn victim on his-her side.

25. Poisoning • If the poison control center tells you to induce vomiting: • Give syrup of ipecac • Tickle the back of the victims throat • Administer warm salt water • DO NOT induce vomiting if: • The victim is unconscious • The victim swallowed acid of alkali • The victim swallowed petroleum • The victim is convulsing • The victim has burns on the lips or mouths

26. Poisoning • Vomiting only removes half of the poison, so you may need to administer activated charcoal to counteract the remaining poison. • If poisoning is due to gas inhalation…remove victim from area

27. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Odorless and colorless gas • Before entering the area, take a deep breath and don’t breathe the gas while removing the victim from the area • After the rescue, check for breathing and administer CPR if needed • Obtain medical help immediately

28. Chemicals or Poisons that come in Contact with Skin • Wash with large amounts of water • Remove clothing or jewelry that contains the substance • If poisonous plant, wash with soap and water- use Calamine or Caladryl (or paste made from baking soda and water.) • Obtain medical help

29. For insect bite, sting or snakebite… • If possible, hold part below level of the heart • Remove the stinger and wash the area with soap and water • Apply sterile dressing and cold pack • Monitor the victim and give CPR if needed • Watch for allergic reaction • Treat for shock

30. BURNS

31. First Degree Burns • Involves only the epidermis • Heals in 5-6 days • No scarring • Skin red, mild swelling • Victims feels pain • Usually cause by the sun, hot objects or steam, or exposure to weak acid-alkali

32. Second Degree Burns • Epidermis and dermis • Blister or vesicle forms • Skin red an mottle with swelling • Surface appears wet • Very painful • Usually cause by the sun, sunlamp, contact with hot or boiling liquids, contact with fire

33. Third Degree Burns • Injury to all layers and underlying tissue • Area has white or charred appearance • Can be extremely painful or painless (if nerve endings destroys) • Usually caused by flames, prolonged contact with hot objects, contacts with electricity, immersion in hot or boiling liquids

34. Treatment • Remove source of heat • Cool affected skin area • Cover the burn • Relieve pain • Observe pain • Observe and treat for shock • Medical care should be obtained in more than 15% of adult body burned (10% of a child)

35. Treatment • DO NOT apply cotton, tissues, ointment, powders, oils, grease, butter, or other substances to the burned area unless you are instructed to do so by a physician • DO NOT break open blister • Call for help immediately if 3rd degree burns • Dehydration can occur quickly with burns • Be alert for signs of shock • Remain calm and reassure burn victim

36. BONE AND JOINT INJURIES

37. Fractures • A break in a bone • Closed or simple- does not break the skin • Compound or open-accompanied by open wound • Common signs and symptoms include deformity, limited (loss of) motion, pain and tenderness at fracture site, swelling and discoloration, protrusion of bone ends • Victim may have heard a snap or feel a grating sensation • Treatment includes immobilizing above and below fracture, treat for shock

38. Dislocation • When the end of bonemoves out of the joint • Usually accompanied by tearing-stretching of ligaments • Signs and symptoms include deformity, limited of abnormal movement, swelling, discoloration, pain, tenderness, shortening or lengthening of affected arm or leg • Treatment similar to fractures- immobilize affected area, do not attempt to reduce the dislocation

39. Sprain • Injury to tissues surrounding a joint when the part is forced beyond its normal ROM • Ligaments, tendons and other tissues stretched or torn • Usually ankle or wrist • Symptoms similar to fracture and dislocation • Treatment includes application of cold, elevation of affected part, and rest

40. Strain • Overstretching of muscle- frequently the back • Signs-symptoms include sudden pain, swelling and-or bruising • Treatment aimed at resting affected muscle

41. SUDDEN ILLNESS

42. Heart Attack • Blood supply to heart is blocked • If heart stops beating CPR must be performed • Signs/symptoms- chest pain or pressure, pain radiating to shoulders, arms, neck or jaw • Shortness of breath • Cyanosis • Victim weak and apprehensive • Nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness • Encourage victim to relax, place in comfortable position, and obtain medial help

43. Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) • Either a clot in a cerebral artery or hemorrhage of a blood vessel in the brain • Signs/symptoms- numbness, paralysis, pupils unequal size, mental confusion, slurred speech, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and loss of consciousness • Remember that although the patient/victim may be unable to speak or may be unconscious, he/she may be able to hear and understand what is going on

44. Fainting • Temporary reduction of blood supply to the brain • Victim regains consciousness after being in a supine position • Signs- dizziness, extreme pallor, diaphoresis, coldness of the skin, nausea, numbness and tingling of hands and feet • When signs occur, help the victim sit with the head at the level of the knees • If victim loses consciousness, try to prevent injury, loosen clothing, maintain open airway

45. Convulsion • Seizure • Occurs in conjunction with high body temperature, head injuries, brain disease, and brain disorders such as epilepsy • Body muscles become rigid followed by jerking movements • During seizure, victim may stop breathing, bite their tongue, lose bladder and bowel control, and injure body parts • Face and lips develop a bluish color • Victim loses consciousness

46. Diabetic Coma • Caused by an increase in the level of glucose in the bloodstream • A result of an excess intake of sugar, failure to take insulin, or insufficient production of insulin • Signs: Confusion, weakness or dizziness, nausea or vomiting, rapid, deep respirations, flushed skin, and fruity smelling breath • Victim will lose consciousness and die if not treated • Obtain medical treatment as quickly as possible

47. Insulin Shock • Caused by an excess amount of insulin (low level of glucose in bloodstream) • A result of failure to eat or too much insulin • Signs: Muscle weakness, mental confusion, restlessness or anxiety, diaphoresis, pale, moist skin, hunger pains, palpitations • If victim conscious, give sweetened drink or sugar • Avoid giving victim hard candy if confused • If victim loses consciousness, get medical help

48. Dressing and Bandages Dressing= sterile covering over wound or injured part Bandages= materials to hold dressing in place, secure splints, and support body parts • Roller gauze bandages • Triangular bandage • Elastic (Ace) bandages After bandage applied, check to be sure it is not too tight (Check circulation by pressing lightly on nail beds lightly on nail beds to make them turn white. Color should return to nail beds immediately.)