FRQ

1. FRQ • Part A: primate city is the largest city in a country AND is more than twice the size of the next largest. • Rank-size rule: The nth largest settlement is 1/n of the largest. The third largest settlement is 1/3 of the largest. • Mexico City is a primate city and does not follow the rank-size rule. • Total: 3 points

2. Two positive effects of primate cities on economic development. (2points) • Advantages of agglomeration of economic activity. • Large market for goods and services. • Ability to offer high-end goods and services (including education) because of larger threshold • population. • Advantages of enhanced flow of information and ideas in large population. • Advantages of centralized transportation and communication network. • Global trade opportunities; primate cities can compete on a global scale and attract foreign investment.

3. Two negative effects of primate cities on economic development. (2points) • Unequal distribution of investments deters national economic development. • Unequal economic and/or resource development. • Unequal distribution of wealth and/or power. • Transportation network (hub and spoke) prevents equal accessibility to all regions. • Impact of centrifugal forces and difficulties of political cohesion on economic development. • Brain drain — migration and unequal distribution of education, entrepreneurship, opportunities. • Negative externalities, e.g., unsustainable urbangrowth/slums/environmental impacts if these arerelated to economic development, e.g., burden on national economy to cope with problems.

4. City Models • For US cities the city models deal with socioeconomic status – aka class. • Upper class, middle class, lower class

5. Concentric Zone – Burgess Model

6. Bid Rent Theory

7. Burgess Model con’t. • CBD is the center • Everything is in relation to the CBD • Based on Chicago in the early 1900’s • Problem: many upper class/wealthy individuals are moving closer to the CBD in neighborhoods: ex. – Gold Coast, Lincoln Park

8. Sector Model – Homer Hoyt

9. Sector con’t. • CBD is still the focal point of this model • Zones extend along transportation routes • Also based on Chicago • This model describes Chicago much better than Burgess – specifically industrial sectors and high class residential

10. Multiple Nuclei – Harris and Ullman

11. Multiple Nuclei con’t. • Suggest urban growth is independent of the CBD • Airports and universities support the multiple nuclei model. How?

12. Maps of Indianapolis • The following maps of Indianapolis reflect different data and all show a different spatial pattern that represents one of the previous models. Try to identify the model.

13. 13-10

14. 13-8

15. 13-9

16. Latin American City Model

17. Latin American model con’t • Wealthiest push out in an elite sector in a narrow spine with amenities for the rich • Squatter settlements are on the periphery

18. European Cities • Most of the wealthy live close to the CBD – different from most American cities. • As a result most live in small houses, townhouse, and condos. • Where do most Europeans go for open space? • Most cities were built before cars

19. Vondel Park, Amsterdam

20. Prague, Czech Republic

21. Copenhagen, Denmark