1 / 19

ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID FUNCTION

ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID FUNCTION. ENDO BLOCK 412. Dr. Shaikh Mujeeb Ahmed Assistant Professor AlMaarefa College. Objectives. The student should be able to: Describe the etiology, symptoms and treatment of thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism . Abnormalities. Hypothyroidism

lynsey
Download Presentation

ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID FUNCTION

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID FUNCTION ENDO BLOCK 412 Dr. ShaikhMujeeb Ahmed Assistant Professor AlMaarefa College

  2. Objectives • The student should be able to: • Describe the etiology, symptoms and treatment of thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism.

  3. Abnormalities • Hypothyroidism • Deficient thyroid hormone secretion • Hyperthyroidism • Excess thyroid hormone secretion

  4. Hypothyroidism • Primary failure of thyroid gland itself • Secondary to deficiency of TRH, TSH or both. • From an inadequate dietary supply of iodine.

  5. Clinical features • The symptoms of hypothyroidism are largely caused by a reduction in overall metabolic activity. • Reduced BMR (less energy expenditure at rest); • Displays poor tolerance of cold (lack of the calorigenic effect); • Tendency to gain excessive weight (not burning fuels at a normal rate); • Easily fatigued (lower energy production); • Slow, weak pulse (caused by a reduction in the rate and strength of cardiac contraction and a lowered cardiac output); and • Exhibits slow reflexes and slow mental responsiveness (because of the effect on the nervous system). The • Mental effects are characterized by diminished alertness, slow speech, and poor memory.

  6. Causes of congenital hypothyroidism • Maternal iodine deficiency • Fetal thyroid dysgenesis • Inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis • Maternal antithyroid antibodies that cross the placenta • Fetal hypopituitary hypothyroidism

  7. MYXEDEMA (Adult Hypothyroidism) Puffy appearance, primarily of face, hands, and feet Caused by infiltration of skin with complex water retaining carbohydrate molecules. Symptoms: The patient becomes sluggish both mentally and physically and often feels cold. The hair becomes dry and the skin becomes dry and waxy. The tissues of the face swell. Treatment: – If diagnosed early, can be treated by administrating of T4. – Exception, if hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency; treated by dietary iodine.

  8. Cretinism • Results from hypothyroidism from birth • Characterized by dwarfism & mental retardation as well as other general symptoms of thyroid deficiency. • At birth, child appears normal because thyroxine is received from mother through placenta • Symptoms: growth retardation, abnormal bone development, low body temperature, lethargy, severely mentally retarded (short limbs, a large protruding tongue, coarse dry skin, poor abdominal muscle, tone and an umbilical hernia).

  9. Cretinism

  10. HYPERTHYROIDISM • The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease. • immune disease • thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), also known as long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS), • BMR • poor tolerance of heat • Increased appetite • body weight • muscle weakness • ↑ Heart rate • ↑COP • Irritable, tense, anxious • Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) (grave’s disease)

  11. Fig. 19-4, p. 696

  12. Fig. 19-5, p. 697

  13. Anti thyroid drugs • Surgical removal • Administration of radioactive iodine

  14. GOITER • A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland. • Occurs when either TSH or TSI excessively stimulates the thyroid gland.

  15. Fig. 19-6, p. 697

  16. Table 19-1, p. 696

  17. Synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormone Thiouracil Thiocynate X X

  18. Antithyroid Substances • Thiocyanate Ions • Decrease Iodide Trapping • inhibition of the iodide-trapping mechanism • Propylthiouracil • Decreases Thyroid Hormone Formation Propylthiouracil & similar compounds as • methimazole and carbimazole • block the peroxidase enzyme • Iodides in high concentrations decrease thyroid activity and thyroid gland size

  19. References • Human physiology, Lauralee Sherwood, seventh edition. • Text book physiology by Guyton &Hall,11th edition. • Text book of physiology by Linda .S .Costanzo third edition

More Related