REVISION 2º BTO

1. REVISION 2º BTO

2. Conson + y = – ies (study- studies) • O = es (go – goes) • S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes) Present simple + We study English My sister watches TV he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) - Don`t Doesn´t We don´t study She doesn´t study + verb ? Do you study ? Does she study? A + S + V ? Am Is Are + V-ing presentcontinuous I am studying you are studying he is studying + • V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons. • Run—running swim—swimming • V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante • Begin—beginning • Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l • Travel—travelling • Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing • Die—dying - I am not studying You aren´t studying He isn´t studying Am I studying? Are you studying? Is he studying? Study- studying Play-playing ? A + S + V ?

3. Present simple The simple present is used for two main types of action: • actions which happen regularly • on Sundays • Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often – • every day, every week, Once a month, etc. Habits States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc) presentcontinuous The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action: • A temporary action happening now : • Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future) • Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro) • A definite plan for the future : • Something we intend to do, usually in the near future. • Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano

4. Non-continuousverbs / Stativeverbs There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in Spanish. Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these: verbs describing thought processes and opinions:think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree… verbs describing emotions:want, like, love, hate, adore, detest… verbs describing the senses:see, hear, taste, feel, smell… This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous. It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular situation.

5. Frequency adverbs and time expressions At the end of the sentence Howoften..? I do yoga twice a week • Always • Usually • Often • Sometimes • Hardlyever • Never • Every day • Once a day / week / month.. • Twice a day / week / month.. • Three times a day / week / month.. • Twelve times a day / week / month.. Before the verb She often plays golf After to be They are always hungry

6. Past Simple • Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson, double conson • Stop—stopped • 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd, double consonant • Permit—permitted • V ending in conson + y i + ed • Study—studied • Vowel + y + ed play - played I played Use + Suj + V+ -ed 2ndcol I sang - Suj + didn´t + verb • Past and finishedactions. • Wevisitedthemuseumlastweek • A series of completedactions in thepast • When I openedthedoor, thedogbarked at thepostman. • Paststates. • The old lady lived in thishouse in 1887 I didn´t play I didn´t sing ? Did+ Suj + verb ? A+S+V ? Didyouplay? Didyousing? TIME EXPRESSIONS Yesterday last week/year 2 days ago In 2002 in the 80s when then

7. Past Continuous Was Were Remember + V-ing I , He , She , It Was/ wasn´t I wasplaying + Was Were + V-ing Suj + Youweresinging You, we, they I wasn´t playing - Wasn´t Weren´t Suj + + V-ing You weren´t singing Were/weren´t ? Was I playing? Was Were + Suj + V-ing Wereyousinging? A+S+V ? Time expressions:

8. Usos : • Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después. • Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas. • I was studying all day yesterday I studied all day yesterday Solamente informas, no quieres dar la idea de cuánto tiempo pasaste estudiando Parece q la acción d estudiar fue algo muy largo 2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework 3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una mas breve. I was walking by the street when it began to rain.

9. Presentperfect Have Has + V-ed 3ª col + I have worked She has written - I haven´t worked She hasn´t written ? Have you worked? Has she written ? A+S+V ? Time expressions Ever , never , yet , just , Already , lately , howlong..? For , since , in recentyears

10. TIME EXPRESSIONS • EVER : (Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo. • Have youeverbeen to London? • NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa. • I haveneverseen a class like this. • FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace) • I´ve known himfortwenty years. (Le conozco desde hace 20 años) • DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long) • during our holiday during the summer during the night • SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción. • I´ve known her since 1994. (La conozco desde 1994) • JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo. • Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo” • I´vejustwashed my hair ( Me acabo de lavar el pelo). • ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” ) • I´vealready seen that film ( Ya he visto esa película) • Have you alreadywashed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?) • YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase) • Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado) • Interrogativas(“ya”) Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)

11. usos • Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento. • I have eaten Chinese food many times • Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since”). Las preguntas se hacen con “How long..?” • I´ve lived here for five years ( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-todavía vivo aquí) • Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver. • We´ve painted the kitchen • Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos“just” entre el aux. y el verbo • The team hasjustscored a goal

12. CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT • Past Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado. • When did Sam go to India? Last June • Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento indeterminado. • Sam has been to India. • Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas. I lived in India in 1992. • Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que continúan en el presente. I´ve lived in India since 1992. • Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday, 2 years ago. • Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….

13. Presentperfect continuous Present perfect of “to be” Havebeen Has been + V-ing ( llevar + gerundio) Time expressions I have been working She has been studying + For a year , since 2002 , how long..? All day / night / week … I haven´t been working She hasn´t been studying - Have you been working ? Has she been studying ? ? Use • An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el tiempo que está durando la acción) • You´re out of breath. Have you been running? • She has been working here for 2 years • Actions repeated over a period of time. • She´s been playing tennis since she was 8 • An action whose results are still apparent. • I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night

14. PresentPerfect and PresentPerfectContinuous Period of time: I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action Continuous : For an activity that is still happening. How long ? How long have you been reading that book? Simple : Completed actions. How much? How many? How many times? How many pages of the book have you read? Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all day Mary has written ten letters today. • Non-continuousverbs: like, know, believe, etc. Notnormallyused in CONT Live & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE John has been living/has lived in London for a long time With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London

15. Past perfect V-ed 3ª col Time expressions Had + Already , bythe time, after , Before, Until , never , just + I had worked By + a time = no later than I´ll have finished my work by 11:30 (I´ll have finished it no later than 11:30) - I hadn´t worked Use ? Had you worked ? A completed action which took place before another action in the past By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started Present Future Past Perfect Past

16. Pastperfect continuous Past perfect of “to be” + hadbeen V-ing (llevaba + gerundio) Time expressions Forhours , sincelastyear Allmorning , when , until , before + I had been - I hadn´t been Use ? Had you been ? Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresión de tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”. We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.

17. Future • TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO ( Futuro de intención) • Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo. Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday. • Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en • que hablamos. Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm. • FUTURE SIMPLE will + inf • Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que hablamos (ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias, amenazas..) I think you´ll learn this very quickly The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it • Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión. He won´t come.

18. FUTURE CONTINUOUS Future de “to be” + V-ing Time expressions At this time, at this time next… On Thursday , in the next decade + I will be studying - I won´t be studying ? Will you be studying ? Anaction in progress at a certain time in thefuture At this time nextyear, I willbestudyingLaw in Madrid Use FUTURE perfect V-ed 3ª col Future de “have” + + I will have studied Time expressions - I won´t have studied Use By this time next week, by 10 o´clock…, In three months ? Will you have studied? A completedaction at a certain time in thefuture. Bytheend of June, wewillhavefinishedourexams

19. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use a present, past or future tense. 1.When you get home from the shop, I ……………………… (help) you carry in the bags. 2.By the end of the school year, I ……………………… (speak) French very well. 3.……………………… you ……………………… (pay) the water bill yesterday? 4.We ……………………… (not usually eat) a big meal in the evening. 5.While he ……………………… (reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally knocked it over. 6.Next week, Emma ……………………… (visit) me. 7.Today, our teacher ……………………… (take) us to the British Museum in London. will help will be speaking Did pay don’t usually eat was reaching is going to visit / is visiting is taking / is going to take

20. Reportedspeech

21. El estilo indirecto (reported speech) se usa para contar lo que alguien ha dicho sin citar exactamente sus palabras. Podemos contar en presente lo que alguien acaba de decir, para lo cual basta Con quitar las comillas y cambiar el pronombre sujeto y la persona del verbo. “Iam tired” He says that heis tired Pero lo normal es que el verbo que introduce la subordinada en estilo indirecto (say o tell, normalmente) vaya en pasado, y entonces el cambio más importante es que el verbo de la subordinada da un salto atrás ( de present simple a Past simple, de éste a past perfect, etc) “Ilike noodles” He said that heliked noodles

22. Además de suprimir las comillas y cambiar los tiempos verbales, también es necesario que hagamos algunos cambios en los pronombres y en las expresiones de tiempo y de lugar. La oración subordinada va introducida por “ that” , aunque en inglés hablado se suele omitir. Cuando la frase enuncia una verdad general no hay cambio en los tiempos verbales. “Crime is punished by the law”, she said She said that crime is punished by the law

23. Cambios en los tiempos verbales

24. Cambios en los modales Can May Must / haveto Will Could Might Must / hadto Would Cambios en otras palabras

25. Reportedquestions • Hay dos tipos de preguntas: • LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”. • para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether. • Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay • inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas. • “Did you speak to John last night?” She asked • She asked if / whether I had spoken to John the last night aux suj verb

26. LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa (Wh- word) • Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo. • ►Who told you that story? She asked • She asked who had told us that story • ► Where did you go last summer? He asked me • He asked me where I had gone the previous summer Who are youwritingto? Sheasked SheaskedwhoIwaswritingto Sujeto → no aux suj suj

27. Reportedorders Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to. Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto. “Stop driving so fast”. My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast. Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to. “Don´t tell anybody”He begged me not to tell anybody Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden Suj+reporting verb+(not) + to infinitive Suj+ reporting verb+ obj. Ind + (not) + to infinitive Agree Offer Promise Refuse Threaten Advise Ask Invite Order Recommend Remind Warn Beg He begged her to sing it again She advised them to study harder He promised not to tell anyone

28. Reportedsuggestions • Las sugerencias se suelen expresar… • Let´s go to the cinema • Why don´t we go to the cinema? • Shall we go to the cinema? • Para pasar una sugerencia a estilo indirecto pondremos el sujeto + suggested. • Tiene dos construcciones: • usando una oración introducida por that. • “Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested • Tom suggestedthat we (should) watch the news • Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto. • “ Let´s phone the police inmediately” • He suggested phoning the police inmediately Suj+reporting verb+(not)+ V ing Suggest Apologize for Deny Recommend “Let´s not argue again”, the teacher said The teacher suggested not arguing again The teacher suggested that they(should) not argue again