Unit #1 World Trade & Migration Rachel and Mia

1. Unit #1World Trade & MigrationRachel and Mia

2. Key Term: Mercantilism Significance: as the world was brought together through trade, mercantilism continually lost popularity and governments of nations were slowly convinced that a free capitalist economy further benefit the state. Definition: Economic policy pursued by many European nations from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Goal was to strengthen an individual nation’s economy by stockpiling reserves of bullion (gold and silver) by the government restriction of trade (Spodek 452) RK and MG

3. Key Term: Capitalism Significance: fit the needs of an expanding world with promises of free, unregulated markets and a balance between worker and owner. Definition: An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of the means of production, and by private control over decisions on prices, production and distribution of goods in a free, competitive market of supply and demand. (Spodek 452) RK and MG.

4. Key Term: Columbian Exchange Significance: The Native American world was destroyed due to diseases and exhaustion of their resources by foreign conquerors. Spain and Portugal gained power through trade and utilization of massive newly discovered silver mines in South America Definition: Once Spain and Portugal conquored the new world, there began an extensive exchange of goods and people across the Atlantic between Europe, Africa and America. (Spodek 456) RK and MG.

5. Key Term: Janissaries Significance: shows the immense power of the Ottoman Empire in it’s prime (Spodek) Definition: members of the elite corps of Ottoman foot soldiers. Young Christian children were captured and converted to Islam while being taught to serve either in the army as a Janissary or a bureaucrat in the kingdom. Rk and MG.

6. Key Leader: Cortes • Hernan Cortés was a conquistador who began expeditions in 1519 from Spain • He joined with Native Americans to overthrow the Aztec Empire at Tenochtitlan • They revolted and forced conquistadors to leave in 1520 • Eventually Cortes reconquered and became ruler of the Kingdom of New Spain http://www.lilalions.com/blog/CM1A_LF/images/cortes=jeanne.jpg RK

7. Key Leader: Charles V • Ruled Spain and Spanish colonies 1515-56, as well as other parts of Europe • Most powerful ruler in Europe at the time • Alienated the Spanish • Spoke no Spanish • Proud and foreign • Appointed foreign courtiers • Spanish revolted • Wanted more Spanish direct rule • Communero revolt of 1520-21 • Charles rebuffed easily • Bankrupted when entered into wars against Ottoman Empire • Abdicated in 1556 https://libwebspace.library.cmu.edu:4430/posner/sp09/subcontents//images/charlesv%203_4.jpg RK

8. Key Leader: Mehmed II • “The Conqueror”, ruled Ottoman Empire 1451-81 • Rebuilt Constantinople into the largest city in Europe • Also conquered Anatolia, Crimea, and Venice http://home.earthlink.net/~evacernik/images/mehmedII2.jpg RK

9. Key Leader: Akbar • Had a physical early life and became king of India at 14 • Absolute monarch at 18 • Showed no mercy-massacred and gained control of trade networks • Built new capitals and brought village India into a cash economy • As a foreigner and a Muslim, he had to reconcile with allowing Hindus to keep their ancient lands and have roles in government • They gave him tribute and troops • He revoked the jizya • Head tax on non-Muslims • Encouraged religious discussion http://images.exoticindiaart.com/mughal/a_portrait_of_king_akbar_the_falconer_mf93.jpg RK

10. Essential Questions • What are the reasons for the increasing involvement of the Spanish and the Portuguese powers in sponsoring the international trade in 1500? Answer: • Agricultural development opportunities • Power (Economic-gold/silver mines, sugar plantations) • Religious conversion of natives to Christianity • Cheap slave labor, African Slave Trade (Spodek, 452-462) MG

11. Essential Questions 2. What are the positive and negative consequences of the Columbian Exchange? Positive • Agricultural advancement • Economic power for Spain and Portugal • New crops/technology to and from the new world Negative • Wiped out most of the native population in Americas by slavery and foreign disease • Fall of great S. American empires (Aztec, Inca) • Spain and Portugal didn’t handle new wealth effectively and eventually lost to stronger countries (Britian) (Spodek 452-462) MG

12. Essential Questions 2. Compare and contrast the European and Asian migrations between 1450 and 1750. Similarities • Around the same time • Both travelled vast distances • Cruel conquering leaders which also imposed new cultures on conquered peoples Differences • Asians travel by land, Europeans by Sea • Asia wasn’t as destructive in their conquering, had a more limited influence over conquered • Asians adopted conquered people’s cultures, Europeans bring their culture to the conquered (Spodek 500) MG

13. Timeline 1440-1800 1492-1504: Columbus’ First Voyages (Columbian Exchange) 1576-1707: _Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade_ 1500 1600 1700 1800 1579 : Spanish and Portugese empires fall MG and RK