Recommended Websites: www.soulcare.org www.icr.org www.AnswersInGenesis.org

1. Life Science Mr. Galloway Chapters 15-16 Human Biology & Health Bones, Muscles, Skin, Food, Digestion Recommended Websites: www.soulcare.org www.icr.org www.AnswersInGenesis.org

2. Body Organization & HomeostasisLevels of Organization: • Non-living atoms and molecules . . . • Cells (basic unit of life – remember “Biogenesis”) • Tissues (are groups of similar cells; four types) • Organs (are composed of different tissue types) • Organ Systems (groups of organs working together)- 11 organ systems • Homeostasis (process to maintain internal stability) • Stress (= your reaction to difficult events)- Stress can upset homeostasis of the body

3. Animal Cells • Law of “Biogenesis” = life only from life • So our living God is the source of living cells. • Cell Membrane = outside cell boundary • Nucleus = control center (computer of the cell) • Cytoplasm = area between the membrane and the nucleus.

4. Tissues • A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform the same function. • Human bodies have four basic tissue types: • Muscle Tissues – contract to move the body parts • Nerve Tissues – communicate between body & brain • Connective Tissue – supports body (skeleton, fat, etc.) • Epithelial Tissue – covers the body inside and outside • Skin • Lining of your digestive tract, etc……….

5. Organs and Organ Systems • Organ = a structure composed of different kinds of tissues, which performs a specific job. • Examples (heart, stomach, lungs, etc. ….) • Organ System = group of organs working together to perform a major function. • Eleven organ systems:- Skeletal (support, protection) - Muscular (movement)- Skin (protects, regulates) - Digestive (food prep) - Circulatory (blood flow) - Respiratory (breathing)- Excretory (waste removal) - Immune (disease) - Nervous (feel, think, act) - Endocrine (hormones) - Reproductive (offspring)

6. Skeletal System • 206 human bones • Five Functions: • Shape/Support • Movement • Protection of organs • Production of blood • Storage of materials • Vertebrae = 26back bones

15. Bones – both living and strong • Bone Strength - stronger than concrete or granite, yet lighter than both • Bone Growth – bone cells grow and heal • Bone Structure – outer membrane, compact bone, spongy bone, marrow, nerves, & blood vessels • Marrow Types – Two types - Red makes blood cells * Child has red marrow in most of the bones * Teens only at femur ends, skull, hips, sternum) - Yellow stores fat cells for energy reserves

16. Bone Structure

17. Bone Formation –infants have flexible cartilage, which becomes bone, as calcium makes it stiffer.Adults have cartilage in ears, nose, etc. • Joints = where two bones join. (Ligaments hold bones together) • Immovable Joints = skull joints, and rib/sternum • Movable = many types (hinge, pivot, gliding, ball/socket) • Bone Care = good diet and exercise • Exercise actually stimulates bone growth • Osteoporosis is a disease caused by a loss of the mineral calcium. The bones become soft and brittle.

18. Joints • Ball & Socket • Hinge • Pivot • Gliding

19. Artificial Joint – Metal & Plastic

20. Muscular System

22. Muscular System – 600 muscles • Muscle Action – only contract to move the body • Involuntary – automatic and not consciously controlled(heart, breathing, digestion, etc.) • Voluntary – under your control (arms, legs, mouth, etc.) • Types of Muscle (Three) • Skeletal – (voluntary) striated & attached to bone by a tendon • Smooth – (involuntary) inside organs, blood vessels • Cardiac – (involuntary) striated, yet does not get tired

23. Types of Muscle

24. Skeletal Muscles work in pairs since they can only contract, not extend.

28. The Skin = largest organ on the body!

30. Hair Follicle

31. Finger and Toe Nails

32. Skin – A Tough Covering • Prevents loss of water • Protects from injury and infection • Regulates body temperature (sweat) • Eliminates wastes (sweat) • Gathers information from environment (senses) • Produces vitamin D

33. Structure of the Skin • Epidermis = outermost layer • Cells on the surface are dead (a thick layer) • This dead layer is the primary protection layer • Deeper into the epidermis the cells are alive • Some produce “melanin” (a pigment – tan) • Dermis = layer below epidermis & above fat. • Pores – openings for sweat from sweat glands • Follicles – structures that grow hair • Hair that you see is dead cells • Oil is produced to waterproof the hair and moisten skin

34. Caring for Your Skin • Eat right • Drink enough water • Limit exposure to the sun • Too much sun causes wrinkles and cancer • Always use sun screen!!! • Keep your skin clean and dry • Wet and dirty skin lets bacteria and fungi grow • This helps reduce acne, but acne is NOT caused by dirty skin.

35. Food and Digestion • Calorie = amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. • Food and Energy • Nutrients = substances in food that provide raw materials and energy the body needs • Six Nutrient Types: • Carbohydrates • Fats • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals • Water

36. Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. • One gram of carbs provides four Calories • Two groups of carbohydrates • Simple = sugars like glucose • Complex = many molecules of sugars linked together in a chain, like starches, fiber. • Starches can be broken down to provide energy • Fiber cannot be broken down and is not a nutrient, but helps the digestive system function

37. Fats • Fats are high-energy nutrients made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. • Two Classes of Fats: • Unsaturated Fats = liquid at room temp., like oils. • Saturated Fats = solid at room temp., animal fat. • Cholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance found only in animal products. • Your liver makes all the cholesterol we need, so getting extra from food is not needed and can be harmful.

38. Proteins • Proteins are nutrients that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Amino Acids together make up protein molecules. • There are about 20 amino acids. • Thousands of proteins can be made by arranging the chains of amino acids differently. • Complete and Incomplete Proteins • Complete = proteins from animal sources like meat & eggs, which contain all the essential amino acids we need. • Incomplete = proteins from plant sources, which do not have all the amino acids we need.

39. Vitamins • Vitamins act as helper molecules in many chemical reactions. • Scurvy = disease caused by a lack of vitamin C, and was a terrible problem for sailors in the 1700s, until a Scottish doctor (James Lind) discovered it was a diet problem. • Small amounts of many different kinds of vitamins are needed by your body. • Two Types of Vitamins • Fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) • Water-soluble Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, Biotin, Folic Acid, Pantothenic Acid, C)

40. “My” Two-Level Food Pyramid Yummy Yucky

41. The Real Food Pyramid

43. Be able to identify on a similar diagram, all of these parts except the gallbladder and the pancreas.

45. Beginning of Digestion • Digestion = process of breaking down food into small nutrient molecules. • Absorption = process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the intestines into the blood. • Elimination = process of removing waste byproducts from the body.

46. The Mouth • Teeth – incisors, canines, premolars, molars • Saliva – watery solution for mechanical and chemical breakdown of food • Mechanical Digestion = teeth cut and crush food, saliva mixes and moistens food • Chemical Digestion = breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones • Starch to sugars, or proteins into amino acids • Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.(= catalysts in living organisms)

47. The Esophagus – 10 seconds • Esophagus = a muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach • Epiglottis = a flap of tissue that seals off you windpipe, so food won’t enter it. • Mucus = thick slippery substance lining the esophagus, which makes food slide down easier. • Peristalsis = involuntary waves of muscle contraction that squeeze the food down the esophagus

48. The Stomach • Stomach = a J-shaped muscular pouch which holds all the food you swallow. Average capacity = 2 liters. • Mechanical and Chemical ways to break food down. • Food stays in the stomach until food is in liquid form. • Mechanically it squeezes and mashes and mixes food. • Chemically it adds hydrochloric acid and pepsin (enzyme). • The acid helps the enzyme reaction work better and kills germs • Mucus lining the stomach wall protects you from the acid.

49. Final Digestion and Absorption • Small Intestine is about 6 meters (18 feet long) • Most of chemical digestion and absorption occurs here • Lots of enzymes and secretions coming from three organs: • Small Intestine wall • Liver – largest and heaviest of internal organs • Bile is not an enzyme, so it works like soap to break down fats. • Gallbladder is a storage organ for the bile • Pancreas – produces many enzymes for food breakdown. • Absorption in the small intestine • Villi = (villus is singular) are millions of tiny finger-shaped structures lining the intestine to increase surface area.

50. The Large Intestine • It is the last section of the digestive system. • About 1.5 meters (4 feet) long • Water is absorbed into the blood stream. • The left over material is readied for elimination. • Rectum = end section of the large intestine, where waste is compressed into a solid form. • Anus = a muscular opening at the end of the rectum.