Astroparticle, space physics and INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nuclare )

1. F Ronga INFN LNF Frascati Astroparticle, space physics and INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nuclare) • INFN was established for nuclear and particle physics. Similar situation for other agencies around the world. • Around 1980 supersimmetry ==> proton decay searches. In Italy NUSEX under the Mont Blanc. Beginning of a new interest for cosmic rays ..also triggered by the CYGNUS X3 claim.. • Then (1982) the Gran Sasso laboratory : main goals proton decay, monopole search, solar neutrinos... Increase of interest for cosmic rays and space (EAS-TOP first INFN experiment dedicated to cosmic rays) • in the years 1990 beginning of a “new field” : astroparticle physics

2. Astroparticle ApPEC:Several institutes In Europe (IN2P3, INFN…) joined together to form: ApPEC:AstroParticle Physics European Coordination An European “Road Map “ in progress Overlap eith other communities (astrophysics,particle physics..)

3. Frank Avignone Jose Bernabeu Thomas Berghoefer Leonid Bezrukov Pierre Binetruy Hans Bluemer Karsten Danzmann Franz v. Feilitzsch Enrique Fernandez Werner Hofmann John Iliopoulos Uli Katz Paolo Lipari Manel Martinez Antonio Masiero Benoit Mours Francesco Ronga Andre Rubbia Subir Sarkar Guenther Sigl Gerard Smadja Nigel Smith Christian Spiering Alan Watson Roadmap Committee

4. satellite MeV/GeV  (Agile, Glast) MeV/GeV CR (Pamela, AMS) CR @ extreme energies (EUSO) Charged Cosmic Rays GeV-TeV gamma (incl. DM indirect) WIMP Solar axions CAST i.e. Hess, Auger UG lab underwater underice UG lab DM direct HE neutrinos atm. neutrinos (incl. DM indirect) Solar  Supernova 

5. m Laser axions Reactor Accelerator Oscillations (accelerators)  NO proton decay • No particles from heaven but: • - same infrastructure () • closely related question (tritium decay) NO UG lab 

6. Interferometer low frequency (LISA) Gravitational Waves Interferometers (Geo-600, VIRGO) Resonance Antennas

7. Not included, but closely linked : • Nuclear astrophysics • Covered in nuclear physics programmes • In some countries listed under APP as well • Dark Energy Missions • Necessary to set the stage for APP missions • Fully covered by astronomy community • Not our charge • In some countries under one roof with APP missions • We say what we support DE missions but do not specify • Others • Varying fundamental constants • Equivalence principle • Gravity at short distances (may be included)

8. Astroparticle physics : INFN main searches in the scientific committee II • neutrino physics (mass, oscillations..) • cosmic ray origin and composition (ground and space) • search for astrophysical sources of gamma rays and neutrinos • search for gravitational waves on the ground and in space • general physics (G measurement, equivalence principle, quantuum vacuum) Field in development : 2002 Nobel prizes for “astroparticle” (X astronomy, solar neutrinos, Supernova neutrinos)

9. Astroparticle physics : INFN number of researchers

10. Experiments to study charged primaries (with INFN partecipation) AMS (space station) PAMELA (satellite) CREAM (ballon) Past experiments: EASTOP, MACRO AUGER EUSO

11. INFN Space Experiments

12. Cosmic rays space - g astronomy

13. Cosmic rays space - g astronomy INFN/INAF/ASI Silicon trackers (INFN) Sensitivity : a bit better than EGRET X ray detectors Scheduled launch: 2006 Launch (India) Calibration lines: BTF Frascati Scheduled launch: 2006 Launch (India) Calibration lines: BTF(Frascati )

14. Main detector in GLAST : Large Area Telescope Tracker • TKR (self-triggering) • 16towers • 83m2 total Si • 11500 SSD, ~ 1M channels • CAL (imaging) • 96 CsI crystals / touer • 8 layers of 12 crystals each • each layer tilted 90º  Charged particle anticoincidence shield Conversion foils TKR CAL ACD Particle tracking detectors Grid Thermal blanket CAL ACD • Calorimeter • (energy measurement) TKR DAQ Electronics Calorimeter e+ e- GLAST uses modern technologies tested in particle physics : Silicon detectors and CsI crystals for electromagnetic calorimeters TKR CAL Cosmic rays space - g astronomy INFN 5.0 Meuro ASI 5.0 Total 183 MEURO (including personnel and excluding launch ) Launch 2007

15. Cosmic radiation in space - antimatter PAMELA-WiZard group (first INFN group in space) NINA Balloons • NINA-1 (1998) • NINA-2 (2000) Successful Qualification tests Samara -Russia) Next step :yesterday march 20th Pamela sent to Bajkonour for launch • MASS-1 (1989) • MASS-2 (1991) • TrampSI (1993) • CAPRICE (1994) • CAPRICE (1997) • CAPRICE (1998) • CAPRICE PAMELA

16. Cosmic radiation in space - AMS2- antimatterbeginning integration

17. INFN : Tungsten calorimeter Cosmic rays ballon - composition CREAM First flight Dec 2004 Second flight Dec 2005 Flight time ≈ several weeks

18. Gravitational waves in space : LISA/RDESA-NASA + .. INFN • very good sensitivity at low frequencies 10-4 10-1 Hz • Thousands of sources guaranteed: galactic binaries (enough information to measure masses, distances, orbits.. • also: black hole fusions, stocastical noise The Mission is planned after 2015, R/D launch (PATHFINDER)

19. New space experiments • GGG (Galileo Galilei on the Ground) Equivalence principle. New technicques with differential accellerometer using rotating cilinders 10-13 ground 10-17 in space. Mission approved in the ASI 3 years plan • LARES :LAser RElativity experimentS passive satellite with mirrors for testing general relativity and studying the earth gravitational field • EUSO Cosmic rays at very high energies Livio Scarsi…a pioneer in high energy cosmic rays and gamma astronomy

20. GGG lab 2005 (March)

21. LARES

22. EUSO observation principle EUSO EHECR EAS UV scintillation Earth Atmosphere Earth Surface Cherenkov light NOT to scale Cosmic rays space - n astronomy and cosmic rays of very high energies (Airwatch R/D) R/D (phase A) end May 2004. Future?

23. New Ideas • CMB polarimetry • Xray polarimetry • Collaboration with Japan for CR composition (CALET) • NUCLEON collaboration with RUSSIA for CR composition • GILDA gamma ray 10-100 MeV

24. Estonia phone card Summary • Space is an ideal laboratory for fundamental physics • In the last few years a new generation of experiments using “particle physics” techniques. • A new interdisciplinary field : “astroparticle physics” An old pioneer of this field?