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Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy

Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy. By: Breanna Lent Chrissy Douglas Naveed Stegamat. How much do you know already know about Stem Cells?. TRUE or FALSE: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type from the three germ layers. T/F___________

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Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy

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  1. Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Therapy By: Breanna Lent Chrissy Douglas NaveedStegamat

  2. How much do you know already know about Stem Cells? TRUE or FALSE: Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can become any cell type from the three germ layers. T/F___________ Adult stem cells can become virtually any cell type in the body. T/F__________ Adult stem cells can be artificially reverted back into embryonic stem cells. T/F __________ Induced pluripotent stem cells are man made. T/F_________ Scientists already know every there is to know about stem cells. T/F_________ TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE

  3. Background • Mid 1800’s: knew there was some cells that could generate into others • 1958 Jean Dausset: founded antigen • First transplant: between identical twins • 1973: first transplant between unrelated bone marrow • 1998: James Thomson developed the first embryonic stem cell lines in embryos

  4. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

  5. How are the 3 types of Pluripotent Stem Cells different?

  6. Pluripotent What are the three types? - a cell that has the potential to differentiate into any cell of the three germ layers • Parthenote Stem Cells 2. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 3. Embryonic Stem Cells

  7. Parthenote Stem Cells • Created by only use of an egg • Parthenogenesis- process

  8. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells • Background information • How created?

  9. Reprogramming Adult Cell • Use retrovirus as vector to transform the adult cell or fibroblast cell • Retroviruses integrate the genes for the Oct4. Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc transition factors into the adult cells’ genomes • With these genes the adult cell is now in an embryonic like state or pluripotent state

  10. Fibroblast Cell • Type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular matrix • Scientists first reprogrammed this cell from a mouse then able to reprogram in humans • Why? - they can be easily extracted from a patient and are easy to culture in a lab

  11. Transgenes

  12. STEMCCA • At first, used many viruses to transform cell • - increases risk of cancer due to the many cMYC genes being integrated • STEMCCA: “stem cell cassette” • - combined all genes onto one virus vector

  13. Embryonic Stem Cells • Found in blastocysts created by fertilization of egg and sperm

  14. Controversy Embryonic • Kills embryos that are human beings Induced Pluripotent • More likely to cause cancer because of the cMYConco-gene

  15. What’s the difference between Multipotent and Pluripotent stem cells?

  16. Multipotent- These cells can only give rise to cells in their own lineage or closely related family of cells. • Pluripotent-These cells are descendants of totipotent stem cells and can give rise to cells of the three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They have no contribution to extraembryonic membranes or the placenta.

  17. What are the three classes of Hematopoetic Stem Cells

  18. Lymphocyte-biased HSC’s (Ly-bi) • High L/M ratio. Lymphocytes >10. • 2. Myeloid-biased HSC’s (My-bi) • Low L/M ratio. Lymphocytes >0, <3. • 3. Balanced HSC’s (Bala) • Lymphocytes > or = 3 and < or = 10

  19. Lymphocytes(Lymphoids) • There are three types of Lymphocytes under the two classes, Large and small lymphocytes. • T-cells (thymus-derived cells)-Small Lymphocyte • Mostly involved in cell-mediated immunity • 2. B-cells (bursa-derived cells)- Small Lymphocyte • Mostly involved in humoral immunity • 3. Natural Killer cells (NK Cells)- Large Lymphocyte • Play a major role in defending the host from tumors and virally infected cells.

  20. Monocytes(Myeloids)

  21. Amniotic Fetal Stem Cells • Where are they found? • How are they characterized? • Advantages

  22. Dr. Atala’s Research • Atala coaxed the cells to become brain cells and injected them into the skulls of mice with diseased brains. The new cells filled in diseased areas and appeared to make new connections with nearby healthy neurons • Scientists are working to coax these cells to differentiate into pancreatic insulin-producing cells

  23. Type 1 Diabetes • Pancreas stops producing insulin • occurs when the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, called beta cells • Insulin injections do not cure the disease

  24. Dr. Atala/ Wake Forest • The ultimate goal is to produce cells that are able to regulate insulin levels based on the amount of glucose the cells are exposed to • success controlling diabetes in mice for short periods of time. Ongoing work focuses on how to extend this effect by understanding more about how the cells function in the pancreas.

  25. combines a patient's immune system cells with stem cells from a donor's cord blood • Use rats to test out: Japanese Researchers • Experiment: control rats not treated while some rats treated with stem cells from amniotic fluid • Control: died • Treated: blood-glucose level decreased and the stem cells were secreting insulin

  26. Future of Stem Cells • New Research • Stem cells from Human Placental Tissue • Aging

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