1 / 20

Chapter 13

Chapter 13. The Respiratory System. Respiration. Function conducting zone - air to lungs respiratory zone - alveoli and capillaries Processes pulmonary respiration external respiration respiratory gas transport internal respiration - alveoli. Upper Respiratory Structures.

lysa
Download Presentation

Chapter 13

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 13 The Respiratory System

  2. Respiration • Function • conducting zone - air to lungs • respiratory zone - alveoli and capillaries • Processes • pulmonary respiration • external respiration • respiratory gas transport • internal respiration - alveoli

  3. Upper Respiratory Structures • The nose and nasal cavity • functions • humidifies “moistens” for 02 diffusion • warms to speed up diffusion • cleans with cilia • Cleans & moistens with mucus • structures • nostrils - external nares • nasal septum • nasal cavity - houses sinuses

  4. Paranasal Sinuses • location • frontal sphenoid ethmoid maxillary • functions • warm moisten and clean • lighten skull • speech resonance • problems • rhinitis - inflammation of nasal mucosa • sinusitis - inflammation of sinuses • Pharynx • 5 inch muscular pathway for food and air • Uvula – flap which covers the nasal opening when swallowing • tonsils

  5. Lower Respiratory System • Larynx “ voice box” • epiglottis - flap closes when you swallow • glottis - slit like passage between vocal cords • vocal folds – vibrate for voice production • Thyroid cartilage- “Adam’s apple” • Trachea • windpipe 4 inches • lined w/ cilia , mucus, pseudostratified • C shaped rings of cartilage • Heimlich manuever • tracheostomy - surgical opening

  6. Bronchi • right & left branch into each lung • bronchial tubes • bronchioles • alveolar sacs – alveoli surrounded by capillaries

  7. Breathing or Ventilation • Factors Involved - 12-15breaths / min • inspiration - air in • expiration – air out MRV 6 L / min TV 500 ml / breath • atmospheric pressure • intrapleural pressure • Boyle’s Law • pressure of a gas varies inversely w/ volume

  8. Inspiration • air going in • sequence • ribs move up and out • diaphragm moves down “Contracts” • larger chest cavity volume up • pressure drops • air goes in • Expiration • passive process relaxation of inspiratory muscles • sequence • ribs down and in • diaphragm relaxes moves up • smaller chest cavity volume down • pressure up • air goes out • abdominal muscles help force out air

  9. Nonrespiratory Air Movements • cough • forces glottis open • Sneeze- air out thru nasal cavities • crying & laughing • short inspirations • hiccups • spasms of diaphragm - phrenic nerve • yawn • deep inspiration

  10. Air Volumes and Capacities • Spirometer * • measures respiratory capacity • tidal volume * • TV 500 ml , normal breathing • inspiratory reserve volume • forced inhalation 2100 - 3100 ml • expiratory reserve volume • air forced out 1200 ml • residual volume * • 1200 ml , keep lungs & alveoli inflated • inspiratory capacity • TV & IRV = 3600 ml • expiratory capacity • TV & ERV = 1700 ml

  11. functional residual capacity • 2400 ml • vital capacity * • total amount of exchangeable air 4800 ml • total lung capacity • 6000 ml TV + IRV + ERV + RV • anatomical dead space • 150 ml air in conducting passways

  12. Respiratory Sounds • bronchial • air rushing in • rales • rasping • wheezing • whistling

  13. Respiratory Disorders • COPD • chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder • features • history of smoking • dyspnea - labored breathing • frequent coughing / infections • hypoxic : retain CO2 • emphysema • pink puffers • alveoli enlarges , air goes in hard to exhale and airways collapse • chronic bronchitis • blue bloaters • a lot of mucus inflammation CO2 retained chronic infections

  14. Lung Cancer • 1/3 of all cancer deaths in U.S. & 90% are smokers • Second leading cause of death in US • squamous cell • adenocarcinoma • small cell carcinoma

  15. Developmental Aspects • Surfactant • detergent like lipoprotein • reduces water cohension & keeps alveoli sacs inflated • IRDS • infant respiratory distress syndrome • premature babies • Cystic Fibrosis • oversecretion of mucus • SIDS- sudden infant death syndrome • Asthma • chronic inflammation of bronchial passageways • Others • hypersensitive irritants, tuberculosis & pneumonia, sleep apnea

  16. Gas Transport • Transport of Oxygen • attached to hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin • temperature effect temp goes up • more oxygen released into tissues • pH effect pH drops • more oxygen released - less hemoglobin affinity happens during exercise • impairments of oxygen • hypoxia • not enough O2 to cells • Anemia, blockage, lack of blood • CO poisoning • CO binds with hemoglobin

  17. Control of Respiration • Phrenic and Intercostal Nerves • move diaphragm and ribs • Respiratory Centers • medulla - respiratory rhythm 12-18 breaths/min • pons - transition from expiration to inspiration • Factors influencing respiratory rate • physical • exercising, talking, coughing, body temp. • Volition “conscious” • hold breath, singing • emotional • excited scared, sympathetic • chemical • levels of CO2 and O2 and pH of blood

More Related