Unit 10 Toxicology

1. Unit 10 Toxicology Students will develop an understanding of the adverse effects of drugs and be acquainted with the laboratory investigation of the most common poisonings.

2. Vocabulary • Cardiovascular system • Heart • Artery • Capillary • Arteriole • Venule • Vein • Lungs • Kidney • Bladder • Urethra • Ureter • BAC • Acetaldehyde • Gas Chromatography • Breath test • Stimulant • Depressant • Narcotic • 5 drug schedules • Poison • Toxicity • Toxin • Bacterial toxins

3. Circulatory System • 1.The cardiovascular system, sometimes known as a part of the circulatory system, is composed of the heart and a closed system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated. • 2. The primary function is circulation. Critical transportation needs include the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide, heat, nutrients, hormones, waste products, enzymes, electrolytes, and other substances on a continuing basis.

4. Circulatory System • Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body. • Arteries: A blood vessel which transports blood away from the heart. • Capillaries: A small vessel which carries blood from the arterioles to the venuoles. It is the site nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and the body cells. • Veins: A blood vessel which transports blood towards the heart. • All of the veins except the pulmonary veins transport deoxygenated blood.

5. Respiratory System • Brings oxygenated air to the alveoli within the lungs and removes air containing carbon dioxide through the process of exhalation. • 1. Lungs: Large spongy structures each found within their own pleural cavity within the thoracic cavity.

6. Urinary System • Regulate the composition and volume of the blood by removing and restore selected amounts of water and solutes. Excretes water, nitrogenous wastes from protein catabolism, inorganic salts, and assists in eliminating heat and carbon dioxide. • 1. Kidneys: A pair of organs that are kidney bean shaped structures • found against the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum. The kidneys contain the functional units, the nephrons, which actually filter the blood and form urine. • 2. Bladder: A sac-like structure found in the pelvic cavity. Connected to the ureters and the urethra. The function is to hold urine until urination occurs. • 3. Urethra: A small tube (approximately 2 inches in females and 8 inches in males) that transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

7. Alcohol Pathway Lesson Plan • Alcohol Pathway.pptx • alcohol preassessment.pptx • alcohol postassessment.pptx

8. PATHWAY OF ALCOHOL FROM INGESTION TO ECRETION • Ingestion of Alcohol • The rate at which alcohol enters the bloodstream is dependent on the amount of alcohol consumed, the concentration of alcohol in the beverage, the type of drink, how quickly it was consumed, body weight of person consuming it, and whether the stomach is full or empty.

9. Pathway of alcohol ingestion • 1. Mouth • 2. Stomach • a. Needs no digestion; alcohol will just absorb into the bloodstream through the stomach lining. • b. 20% of alcohol absorbed in stomach • c. Dependent on the amount of food in stomach and the amount and rate at which the alcohol is ingested. • 3. Small Intestines • a. Absorption in upper portion through the walls of the small intestines into the bloodstream. • b. 80% of alcohol absorbed in small intestines. • 4. Heart • a. Pumps blood throughout the body with alcohol in it. • b. Goes to the brain and causes CNS responses.

10. Pathway of Alcohol Excretion • 1. Liver • a. Detoxifies (oxidation) the alcohol at a rate of 0.5 ounces (15 ml) an hour. • b. Responsible for eliminating 90% of alcohol ingested. • c. Alcohol is changed first into acetaldehyde (a poison), then to acetic acid and finally into water, carbon dioxide and energy. • (1). If more alcohol arrives than can be broken down the alcohol will travel to all parts of the body, through the blood-stream, and affect various organs of the body. • (2). The byproduct of detoxification of alcohol is fatty acids. Fatty acids clog the liver and kill liver cells. This leads to permanent liver damage. • d. Blood alcohol content (BAC) increase when the body absorbs alcohol faster than it eliminates it.

11. Pathway of Alcohol Excretion • 2. Lungs • a. Expel alcohol through the process of exhalation. • b. Accounts for 1-5% of excretion of alcohol. • 3. Kidneys • a. Excretes alcohol through the urine. • b. Accounts for up to 10% of excretion of alcohol. • 4. Skin • a. Excretes alcohol through sweat. • b. Accounts for <.5% of excretion of alcohol.

12. MEASURING ALCOHOL IN THE BLOODSTREAM • A. Blood alcohol content (BAC) • 1. Measures the amount of ethyl alcohol in blood. • a. Expressed as a percent of weight per volume. • b. The legal limit is 0.08% (which means that 0.08 grams of pure alcohol is present for every 100 ml of blood in the body). • c. Blood needs to be preserved with an anticoagulant and sodium fluoride. It must also be kept cold until analyzed by gas chromatography.

13. MEASURING ALCOHOL IN THE BLOODSTREAM • B. Gas Chromatography • Separates and analyzes compounds that can be vaporized- like alcohol. • C. Breath Test • 1. According to Henry’s law the concentration of alcohol in the breath is proportional to that in the blood. • 2. There are two types of breath tests.

14. MEASURING ALCOHOL IN THE BLOODSTREAM • a. Infrared (IR) Spectrophotometry • (1). Narrow beam of IR light is passed through a breath sample chamber. The IR light is absorbed by the alcohol. • The relationship between the concentration and light absorption determines the alcohol content. • b. Electrochemical Fuel Cell Technology • (1). Breaks down the oxygen in the alcohol and creates a charge which causes an imbalance in electricity as it crosses over a conductor medium.

15. Blood-Alcohol Lab • Complete the blood-alcohol lab

16. Poisons: • A substance that, when ingested, inhaled, absorbed, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts, will cause damage to structures of the body and impair or destroy their function. • Any substance that impairs health or destroys life when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the body in relatively small amounts. Some toxicologists suggest that, depending on the dose, all substances are poisons. • Clinically all poisons are divided into those that respond to specific treatments or antidotes and those for which there is no specific treatment. Maintaining respiration and circulation is the most important aspect of treatment.

17. FIVE CATEGORIES (schedules) OF DRUG TYPES • DEA calls the different categories “schedules” • 1. Schedule I – Substances that have no accepted medical use in the U.S. • a. High abuse potential • b. Are not prescribed • 2. Schedule II – Substances that have a high abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence. • a. Consists of certain narcotics, stimulants and depressant drugs. • b. Prescription must be written in ink or typewritten and signed by the practitioner. • c. No renewals.

18. FIVE CATEGORIES OF DRUG TYPES • 3. Schedule III – Substances that have an abuse potential less that those in Schedule I and II. • a. Consists of limited quantities and certain narcotics and non-narcotic drugs. • b. Prescriptions may be oral or written. • c. Up to 5 renewals are permitted within 6 months.

19. FIVE CATEGORIES OF DRUG TYPES • 4. Schedule IV- Substances that have an abuse potential less than those in Schedule III. • a. Consists of limited quantities and certain narcotics and non-narcotic drugs. • b. Prescriptions may be oral or written. • c. Up to 5 renewals are permitted within 6 months.

20. FIVE CATEGORIES OF DRUG TYPES • 5. Schedule V- Substances that have an abuse potential less than those in Schedule IV. • Consists of preparations containing limited quantities of a certain narcotic drug generally for anti diarrheal purposes. • Subject to state and local regulations and a prescription may not be required.

21. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS • 1. Stimulants – Act on the CNS to make the user feel better and increase energy and alertness while suppressing appetite and fatigue. • Causes restlessness, anxiety, and depression. • Examples: caffeine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cocaine.

22. CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS • 2. Narcotics- Analgesics that act on the CNS to relieve pain. • a. Examples: Aspirin, Tylenol, Motrin, Morphine, Heroin, Codeine, Darvon, and Percocet. • 3. Depressants- Act on the CNS to slow response and feelings. • a. Examples: Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines (Valium).

23. Overdose symptoms: Hallucinogens

24. Overdose symptoms: Hallucinogens

25. Overdose symptoms: Narcotics

26. Overdose symptoms: Narcotics

27. Overdose symptoms: Stimulants

28. Overdose symptoms: Anabolic Steroids • Effects: acne, increased body hair, baldness, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, impaired fertility in males, blood clotting, kidney and liver cancers, heart attacks

29. Overdose symptoms: Depressants • Effects: slow heart rate, drowsiness, slowed brain activity, slurred speech, loss of coordination, slow breathing, coma, death

30. Overdose symptoms: Bacterial Toxins

31. Overdose/Exposure: Heavy metals & pesticides

32. Overdose/Exposure: Heavy metals & pesticides

33. Overdose/Exposure: Heavy metals & pesticides

34. Bioterrorism Chemical Agents • RICIN: made from castor beans, lethal in minute doses (head of a pin)

35. Bioterrorism Chemical Agents • ANTHRAX: from Bacillus anthracis

36. COLLECT AND PRESERVE DRUG EVIDENCE • A. Packaging evidence • 1. Handle evidence as little as possible. • 2. Use appropriate size containers and an inner packaging like zipper bags and sample bottles. • 3. Place exhibit number, initials, date and seal on the inner and outer packaging. Place date and initials on seal as well. • 4. Use tamper resistant tape as the seal.

37. COLLECT AND PRESERVE DRUG EVIDENCE • B. Collection of evidence • 1. Plant substances (marijuana, mushrooms, ) • a. Plant must be dried thoroughly. • b. Do not include the roots and dirt. • c. Leaves and stems are stripped from large stalks. • d. Packaged in paper bags and boxes to allow for continued drying. • e. Large amounts of evidence collected should be sub-divided into thirty pounds or less.

38. COLLECT AND PRESERVE DRUG EVIDENCE • 2. Liquids • a. All liquids are placed in sturdy plastic or glass bottles and are sealed with a plastic lid. Metal cannot be used to seal bottles. • Label bottles clearly. • Prop bottles upright and place in plastic zipper evidence bags.

39. BIOHAZARD EVIDENCE • 3. Biohazard evidence (syringes, body fluids, razors, broken glass) • a. Use Universal Bloodborne Pathogen Precautions and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). • b. Leave all liquid contents in syringe. • c. Place syringes in approved safety containers. • d. Mark all layers of packaging with biohazard labels. • e. Package in a puncture resistance packaging.

40. Toxicology Lab

41. CAREERS: TOXICOLOGIST • Toxicologist • Plan and carry out lab and field studies related to the impact of toxic material in human health and in the environment. • 1. Level of education: Bachelor’s degree; most have Masters or Doctoral degree. • 2. Credentialing requirements: None. • 3. Employment opportunities and career growth potential: Good in current job market. • 4. Workplace environments: Pharmaceutical and food manufactures, biotechnology companies, government agencies, Universities, and research centers. • 5. Salary: $75,000 year/average

42. CAREERS: BIOCHEMIST • Biochemist • Scientists who study the chemistry of living things. • 1. Level of education: Doctoral degree. • 2. Credentialing requirements: None. • 3. Employment opportunities and career growth potential: Good in current job market. • 4. Workplace environments: Laboratories, research centers, teaching and research at Universities, and private industry. • 5. Salary: $70,000 year/average

43. CAREERS: PHARMACOLOGIST • Pharmacologist • Scientists who develop, indentify, and test drugs. • 1.Level of education: Doctoral degree and medical degree. • 2.Credentialing requirements: None. • 3.Employment opportunities and career growth potential: good in current job market. • 4.Workplace environments: Laboratories, teaching at Universities, drug companies, hospitals, and government agencies. • 5.Salary: $100,000+ year/average