Case 1: Why more youth are smoking?

1. Case 1:Why more youth are smoking? Group members: Leong Yan Qing SEP 060044 Wan Hui Sim SEP060137 Mohammad Noor Munshi Murshidee SEP060055 Nur Huda Rahmad SEP060087 LECTURER: Dr Kunle Oloruntegbe

2. Introduction • Smoking can release nearly 2,000 degrees dangerous chemical compounds into the air . • The three main ingredients in cigarettes that cause problems are nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide. • Combining with hemoglobin, carbon monoxide decreases red blood cells' effectiveness for carrying oxygen. This causes the smoker to become easily winded.

3. Nicotine increases blood pressure and heart rate, but also provides the smoker with a relaxing affect, which is the basis for the addiction. Once the affects of nicotine have wane off, about 30 minutes, a smoker feels the need to reach for another cigarette • Tar is a nasty substance that attaches itself to the inner linings of the lungs. It destroys cilia, hair-like projections inside the lungs, which promote the trapping of harmful particles. This leads to the need for the lungs to pump harder to get oxygen throughout the body of the smoker.

6. Background • Smoking has steadily increased in popularity • the implementation of the regulation of smoking among the university Malaya’s student are less awareness about their healthy in the university public place. • Proof: There is a lot of cigarettes were found in the toilet and the café

7. Statement of Problem 1. Will stress and burden of study induce youth smoke? 2. Why smoking is dangerous?  3. Why smoking will influence our health? 4. How to stop smoking? 5. What are the effects of secondhand smoker?

8. Purpose • to raise awareness among both adults and youth about the dangers of tobacco use • comprehensive approach to tobacco educational in improving of the public health • to bring about the secondhand smoke education to the public in order empower nonsmokers with the knowledge that they should not be forced to inhale toxic chemicals.

9. Causes • Parents are the first influence and are particularly important for younger children • Siblings’ smoking is also strongly related to young people’s smoking behavior.  • Personal influence are very close to the young person, and include beliefs about what smoking will do for them: for example, control weight, calm nerves, give confidence, look adult and cool, or be fun, enjoyable and sociable.

10. Treatment 5 step to quit cigarette smoking a) Tell others when you will stop smoking -you will stay committed to your goal more -positive people who will encourage you in a good way b) Find out your inner why - Keep asking why until you get a reason that can't go any deeper. -deep rooted core reason will give you that extra motivation

11. c) Carry a water bottle -simple replacement -to form a new habit. d) Hang out with non-smokers -feel more pressure not to smoke when you are with your non-smoking friends. -make it a daily habit to spend more time with non-smokers than smokers. e) Do this for 21 straight days -people can develop a new habit if they do something for 21 days in a row

12. Smoking cessation products/device • nicotine patches • Nicotinell Gum • electronic cigarettes -Nicotine is natural substance found in everyone's nervous system - is nicotine delivery device that disperses nicotine constantly into your body -that it is a natural and good way to deliver nicotine without the associated bad effects of tar in cigarettes

13. Steps to do when you can't face the urge … • Delay -delay it for as long as you can -help you strengthen your threshold against the cravings you are going through. -Do not get frustrated, however, if you can't completely overcome the smoking addiction right away. It's natural to relapse. • Deep Breathing -can help you to relax yourself from within until the urge fades away. -help you focus on your inner strengths and identify your weaknesses • Drink Water -Water refreshes the body and flushes out toxins - it can help to calm you down.

14. Research QuestionWe had distribute these set of research question to 100 students of University Malaya in order to help and spread out a lot of important knowledge and information to the University Malaya’s youth about what, why and how they have to stop and prevent from having smoking as it is not socially acceptable to smoke.

16. Conclusions • cigarette smoking will become increasingly restricted as public awareness of the dangers of smoking become more apparent. • Purpose achieved: a)raise awareness among both adults and youth about the dangers of tobacco use b) to bring about the secondhand smoke education to the public

17. Case II:CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC)

18. BACKGROUND • Some reasons initiate this study: • Many things release CFCs into atmosphere – ozone depletion • Lack of knowledge about negative effects of releasing CFCs • Recognize the importance of chemical industry in reducing the environmental impact of chemical-based activities • An excellent tool for developing their literature searching and other key skills in a chemical context

19. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY • Identify the perception of society on the danger pose by CFCs on ozone layers • Identify factors cause the releasing CFCs into the atmosphere • Evaluate alternative given and choose the most appropriate replacement for CFCs • Focus on how Malaysia takes action to reduce the usage of material contain CFCs • Give input to society about negative effects of CFCs • Introduce the role of chemical industry in developing solutions to the problem of CFCs

20. PROBLEM?? • The ozone formed by an interaction between oxygen molecules and ultraviolet light • UV hits oxygen molecule – break apart into single atoms of oxygen – combines with molecule of oxygen to form ozone • CFCs absorbed into the environment - slowly seep up into the stratosphere • UV radiation strike CFCs molecule and causes a chlorine atom to break away

21. LITERATURE REVIEW • Ozone layer absorb UV radiation, prevent penetration to earth’s surface • UV – harmful because can enter and destroy DNA of many life forms • Shorter UV very dangerous – more energetic • Most dangerous CFC – CFC-11, CFC-12 andCFC-13 Example: Dry-cleaning process - dirty clothes immersed in Perc, then circulated in hot air in a dryer to vaporise the solvent remaining in them -vaporised perc itself is distilled and sent back into the main tank for reuse

22. Perc into the category of CFCs, which are having a destructive effect on the ozone layer • Released into the environment as they are volatile and readily evaporate • Transported to upper stratosphere - react with ozone and cause a depletion of the ozone layer • Perc is released into the air when it is added to the dry-cleaning machines and also evaporates from open drums and dry-cleaned clothes • CFCs contribute to greenhouse effect – higher concentration of greenhouse gases will increase trapping of IR radiation

23. RESULT!!CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYERS • CFCs - nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine and fluorine • CFCs released in atmosphere by breaking down the ozone molecules in upper layer of atmosphere • Depletion of Ozone layer results in level of ultraviolet radiation that is harmful for plant and animal life • UV light reach the Earth's surface - skin cancer and eye cataracts, food chain be disastrous

24. Impact: • Depletion of the ozone layer results in higher levels of UV radiation at the earth's surface. This poses a danger to humans, animals and plants, and marine life. • Health effects • The increase in UV-B radiation associated with ozone depletion is likely to have effects on the immune system. The risk of skin cancer and infectious diseases thus increases. UV-B radiation can damage the eye's cornea, the lens and the retina. Excessive exposure to UV radiation may cause cataracts.

25. Ecological effects • Increasing amounts of UV radiation may have a negative impact on the production of plankton and other tiny organisms at the base of the marine food web. These organisms are the ultimate source of food for all other living organisms in the oceans. A large increase in UV radiation may also disrupt many ecosystems on land, significantly reducing yields and causing food shortages. • Damage to materials • UV radiation causes a number of materials to degrade more rapidly. In general, plastic materials used outdoors will have much shorter lifetimes

26. Replacement of CFCs as refrigerants • A. The first generation replacement of CFCs as refrigerants (HCFC) • HCFCs are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine. The HCFCs have shorter atmospheric lifetimes than CFCs and deliver less reactive chlorine to the stratosphere where the "ozone layer" is found. Consequently, it is expected that these chemicals will contribute much less to stratospheric ozone depletion than CFCs. Because they still contain chlorine and have the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone, they are viewed only as temporary replacements for the CFCs.

27. B. The second generation replacement of CFCs as refrigerants (HFCs) • Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine. Certain chemicals within this class of compounds are viewed by industry and the scientific community as acceptable alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs on a long-term basis. Because the HFCs contain no chlorine they do not directly affect stratospheric ozone. Furthermore, mechanisms for ozone destruction involving fragments produced as HFCs are decomposed within the atmosphere (CF3 radicals) have been shown to be insignificant.All HFCs have an ozone depletion potential of 0.

28. C. The future replacement of CFCs as refrigerants • Looking further down the road, carbon dioxide may someday replace today’s refrigerants. Though carbon dioxide is a "greenhouse gas" that may contribute to global warming, it is non-toxic, non-flammable, cheap and abundant. But to work as a refrigerant, carbon dioxide must be run at extremely high pressures - up to several thousand psi! As long as the gas is safely contained at high pressure, it works pretty well as a refrigerant.

29. Recommendations: • The best way to protect the environment from the refrigerants is to reduce the escape of these refrigerants to the atmosphere. For this the leakages from the refrigerating and the air-conditioning machine should be reduced. Proper preventive maintenance of machines can do a great deal of good in this direction. If there are leakages, they should be detected and repaired immediately.

30. The case study incorporates five phases: Method • 1. Is there a problem? (1974) • 2. Evaluating the problem • 3. Finding replacements • 4. Synthesising replacements • 5. Is the problem solved? (2004)

31. Conclusions This case study has been successful in its aim of developing an awareness of green chemistry. The importance of developing new products to replace environmentally unacceptable ones and turning what could have been a business disaster into an opportunity and success are important lessons to be learned. It has provided some insight into the wide range of chemistry involved in producing new products in the chemical industry and the range of additional factors, such as economics, engineering and even political ones, which can have a crucial influence on the success of the project. In addition, the case study imparted another important scientific lesson - that there is not always a single ‘correct’ answer. Furthermore are HFCs a ‘green answer’ to the replacement of CFCs or is a new generation of replacements required for them in turn?