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Reading Questions

Reading Questions. From which nation is Ho Chi Minh declaring independence? Why? Who are they asking for recognition? What is the official name of the new nation?. Reading Questions. What specific economic benefits do we derive from Indochina?

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Reading Questions

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  1. Reading Questions • From which nation is Ho Chi Minh declaring independence? • Why? • Who are they asking for recognition? • What is the official name of the new nation?

  2. Reading Questions • What specific economic benefits do we derive from Indochina? • What metaphor does Eisenhower use about the danger of communism in Indochina? • Which nations are in the “defensive island chain”? • What is Eisenhower’s fear for Japan?

  3. The Vietnam War Origins and Escalating American Involvement 1954-68

  4. French Indochina • French colony since 1887 • Ho Chi Minh, • Dien Bien Phu, July 1954 • Geneva Peace Accords

  5. SEATO • Eisenhower concerned about Geneva Accords • Sec. of State, John Foster Dulles • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization President Eisenhower John Foster Dulles

  6. Ngo Dinh Diem • President of South Vietnam

  7. National Liberation Front (NLF) • Formed in 1960 • Also called “Viet Cong” • Supported by Ho Chi Minh • North Vietnam (DRV)

  8. Critical Thinking • Do you think North Vietnam (DRV) was getting assistance from other nations? If so, which nations?

  9. Strategic Hamlet Program • President Kennedy supports Diem • “safe hamlets” • Increased hatred of Diem and US • Many become NLF strongholds

  10. Diem’s position increasingly precarious Kennedy administration (secretly) removes support from Diem Diem is assassinated by SV Army, Nov. 1963 Military Coup

  11. WARNING The next slide contains graphic images Please turn your head or skip over it if you do not wish to see

  12. The Vietnam conflict is one of the first times TV and magazine audiences are subjected to graphic images Buddhist monk self-immolation to protest Diem Diem’s body

  13. Kennedy Assassination • November 22, 1963 • President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Texas • Lee Harvey Oswald

  14. Lyndon Johnson Believes more aggressive action is needed in Vietnam

  15. Critical Thinking • Why do you think Johnson saw escalation of the war as the appropriate strategy?

  16. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Gulf of Tonkin Incident (August 1964) • Often compared to USS Maine • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Authorization to use force

  17. Election of 1964 Johnson runs for a term of his own

  18. Election 1964: Democrats “…segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!” George Wallace, Gov. of Alabama makes bid for nomination Hubert Humphrey, Sen. From Minnesota, is Johnson’s VP candidate “The Happy Warrior”

  19. 1964: Republicans Sen. Barry Goldwater, Arizona Far Right Conservative Wins nomination on first ballot “Mr. Conservative” William Miller Congressman from NY is VP candidate Margaret Chase Smith, Sen. From Maine First woman to run for major party nomination (moderate Republican)

  20. Campaign Issues "I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice. And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue."

  21. Results

  22. Operation Rolling Thunder1965-68 • Sustained bombing campaign of North Vietnamese cities • Over 90,000 killed • Viewed as a failure

  23. Escalation • March 1965 • Johnson sends first US combat troops to Vietnam • 1964 = 23,300 • 1965 = 184,300 • 1966 = 385,300 • 1967 = 485,600 • 1968 = 534,600

  24. The Limited War • Johnson: fight the war in “cold blood” • Surgical • Limited mobilization • Proves impossible • Draft by lottery is instituted • Very unpopular

  25. A Soldier’s Life “If you were one of the "lucky" ones, a "grunt" as they were called, you got to (1) wade through swamps carrying a hundred pounds of crap on your back, (2) sleep and eat (if you could) in the rain and the mud with the rats, leaches and mosquito's, and on occasion (3) shoot it out with NVA regulars (or VC) if you weren't being shelled by your own artillery or bombed by your own Air Force.”

  26. The Tet Offensive • January 1968 • NLF and DRV launch coordinated attacks against major SV cities • NLF wants to convince US to come to bargaining table • March: Johnson will not run for president

  27. My Lai • March 18, 1968 • US Soldiers massacre 347 villagers • After Tet offensive • Soldiers on high alert • Considered revenge killings for Tet Offensive • Initially covered up, but when story broke support for war diminished sharply

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