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C hapter 7

C hapter 7. A roadside billboard of Deng Xiaoping in Shenzhen. 7. Understanding Chinese Economic Reform. 7.1 Radical reform: the successful cases 7.2 Radical reform: the unsuccessful cases 7.3 Gradual/partial reform: the successful cases 7.4 Gradual/partial reform: the unsuccessful cases

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C hapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 A roadside billboard of Deng Xiaoping in Shenzhen

  2. 7. Understanding Chinese Economic Reform 7.1 Radical reform: the successful cases 7.2 Radical reform: the unsuccessful cases 7.3 Gradual/partial reform: the successful cases 7.4 Gradual/partial reform: the unsuccessful cases 7.5 Whither Chinese-style reform?

  3. Keywords: • economic reform, • reform strategy, • big-bang, • gradualism, • radicals, • conservatives, • ownership reform, • administrative decentralization, • stakeholder

  4. 7.1 Radical reform: the successful cases 7.1.1 Agricultural reform 7.1.2 Reform of Chinese bureaucracy

  5. Table 7.1 Chinese bureaucratic reform, Feb. 1982 to Sept. 1984 Notes: By 1988, 90% of government officials above the country level were newly appointed after 1982; 60% of those government officials had college degrees. This was a result of retiring 3.4 million revolutionary veterans. a: Governor/party secretary. Source: Li (1998, p. 394), which also gives other references.

  6. 7.2 Radical reform: the unsuccessful cases 7.2.1 Price-release reform 7.2.2 The SOE reform during the 1990s

  7. 7.3 Gradual/partial reform: the successful cases 7.3.1 Introduction of dual-track system 7.3.2 Decentralization of authority 7.3.3 Reform of foreign exchange system

  8. The art of reforming a planned economy

  9. 7.4 Gradual/partial reform: the unsuccessful cases 7.4.1 The SOE reform in the 1980s 7.4.2 Decentralization of authority in the 1980s 7.4.3 Reform of China’s banking system

  10. The shou-fang circle: “decentralization (fang)–disorder–over-centralization (shou)–rigidity” Shirk (1993), Dittmer and Wu (1993, pp. 10-12) reach a similar conclusion, sketching out four relatively complete, synchronous cycles of fang and shou during 1980 to 1989: fang predominated in 1979–80, 1984 and 1988, while shou predominated in 1981, 1985–86, 1987, and 1988–89. • Baum (1994, pp. 5–9; pp. 369–76) offers a plausible explanation of the fang–shou cycle during 1978–93: the decentralization (fang) policy was concentrated on 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, and 1992; while the concentralization (shou) policy was concentrated on 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, and 1993.

  11. 7.5 Whither Chinese-style reform? 7.5.1 Political economy of reforms 7.5.2 WTO and the Chinese reform

  12. Table 7.2 A comparison of selected reform programs Notes: (1) The judgment of a reform program as being ‘successful’ or ‘unsuccessful’ is based on available data and literature. (2) The terms ‘radical’ and ‘gradual/partial’ are elastically defined, since according to international standard, during the past three decades China’s all reform programs as a whole have been implemented via only but a gradual/partial approach. Source: Defined in the text.

  13. Figure 7.1 A feedback model of market-oriented reform

  14. Case study 5 Interest groups, stakeholders and reform in China

  15. Radicals and conservatives in the early reforms Political, economic and cultural elites in the later reforms

  16. Notes: (1) Each circle denotes the scope of reform that is proposed by and in favor of an elite. (2) The area that is overlapped by the three circles denotes the scope of reform that is in favor of all the three elites concerned. Figure 7.2 Collective actions of the Chinese elites on reforms

  17. Chapter conclusion: The analytical narrative of the successful and unsuccessful cases of the Chinese-style reform shows that the efficiency of a reform depended upon: (i) the initial institutional conditions; (ii) the external environment; and (iii) the reform strategy. The empirical evidence suggests that a radical reform tends to be more efficient than a gradual/partial one during the early stages (the late 1970s and the early 1980s), while a gradual/partial reform tends to be more efficient than a radical (big-bang) one in the later stages. We also find that the Chinese-style reform has evolved from the collusion of the CCP radicals and conservatives to that of the political, economic and cultural elites, at the cost of retarding political reforms and of sacrificing the benefits of the rest of the people.

  18. Suggested reading Appleton, Simon, Lina Song, Qingjie Xia (2005). “Has China crossed the river? The evolution of wage structure in urban China during reform and retrenchment,” Journal of Comparative Economics, Volume 33, Issue 4 pp. 644-663. Ariff, M. and Can, L. (2008). “Cost and profit efficiency of Chinese banks: A non-parametric analysis,” China Economic Review, Volume 19, Issue 2, pp. 260-273. Bai, Chong-En, Jiangyong Lu, Zhigang Tao (2009). “How does privatization work in China?” Journal of Comparative Economics, Volume 37, Issue 3, pp. 453-470. Baillon, Aurélien, Olivier L'Haridon and Laetitia Placido (2011). “Ambiguity Models and the China Paradoxes,” American Economic Review, Volume 101, Issue 4.

  19. Suggested reading Fleisher, Belton M., Klara Sabirianova, Xiaojun Wang (2005). “Returns to skills and the speed of reforms: Evidence from Central and Eastern Europe, China, and Russia,” Journal of Comparative Economics, Volume 33, Issue 2, pp. 351-370. Fu, X.(M.) and Heffernan, S. (2007). “Cost X-efficiency in China's banking sector,” China Economic Review, Volume 18, Issue 1, pp. 35-53. Hao, C. (2006). “Development of financial intermediation and economic growth: The Chinese experience,” China Economic Review, Volume 17, Issue 4, pp. 347-362. Huang, G. and Song, F.M. (2006). “The determinants of capital structure: Evidence from China, China Economic Review, Volume 17, Issue 1, pp. 14-36. Jefferson, Gary H. and Thomas G. Rawski (1994). “Enterprise Reform in Chinese Industry,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 8, Issue 2.

  20. Suggested reading Jefferson, Gary H., Jian Su (2006). “Privatization and restructuring in China: Evidence from shareholding ownership, 1995–2001,” Journal of Comparative Economics, Volume 34, Issue 1, pp. 146-166. Liang, Q. and Teng, J.-Z. (2006). “Financial development and economic growth: Evidence from China,” China Economic Review, Volume 17, Issue 4, pp. 395-411. McMillan, J. and B. Naughton (1992). “How to Reform a Planned Economy: Lessons from China,” Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 130-143. Yusuf, Shahid (1994). “China's Macroeconomic Performance and Management during Transition,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 8, Issue 2. Zhang, W. (2006). “China’s SOE Reform: A Corporate Governance Perspective,” Corporate Ownership & Control, Volume 3, Issue 4, pp. 132-150.

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