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Fig. 16.4

Fig. 16.4. Some major episodes in the history of life. Clock analogy for some key events in evolutionary history. Figure 9-1. Some highlights of plant evolution. I.  Overview of land plant evolution A.  Four main groups of land plants Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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Fig. 16.4

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  1. Fig. 16.4

  2. Some major episodes in the history of life.

  3. Clock analogy for some key events in evolutionary history

  4. Figure 9-1

  5. Some highlights of plant evolution

  6. I.  Overview of land plant evolution • A.  Four main groups of land plants • Bryophytes • Pteridophytes • Gymnosperms and • Angiosperms •  Groups are distinguished from algae by reproduction (life cycle) that involves the development of a multi-cellular embryo attached to the mother plant for its protection and nourishment.

  7. Plant PhylogenyOrdovician period of Paleozoic era (475 mya) • origin of plants from aquatic ancestors, Chlorophyta (green algae; from “Chara-like” algae)

  8. ChlorophytaGreen Algae

  9. Fig. 18.26

  10. Lichens and Mosses • Early land colonizers • Lichens: • Partnership between fungus and algae • Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts): • No vascular system (so no true leaves & roots) • All cells have contact with outside • Gametophyte dominant

  11. Fig. 37.3

  12. Fig. 37.6

  13. Fig. 37.4

  14. Fig. 37.7

  15. Plant Phylogenyearly Devonian period (400 mya) 2. seedless vascular plants • mechanism to transport water & nutrients • reproduce by spores

  16. LOWER VASCULAR PLANTS • Have xylem and phloem • Reproduce by spores

  17. Fig. 21.1

  18. Fig. 21.5

  19. Fig. 37.11

  20. Fig. 21.19b

  21. Fig. 37.9

  22. Carboniferous Forest • Dominant plants: • Equisetum • Tree ferns • World was warmer and moister.

  23. Artist’s conception of a Carboniferous forest based on fossil evidence

  24. Plant Phylogenyend of Devonian period (360 mya) 3. origin of seed which contains embryo with food reserve From ovule to seed

  25. Fig. 37.12

  26. Fig. 37.14

  27. Fig. 22.13

  28. Fig. 22.12

  29. Fig. 22.9

  30. Conifer Fertilization • Sperm is airborne • Egg hidden in scales of female cone • Scales collected H20

  31. Fig. 22.1

  32. Plant Phylogenyearly Cretaceous period in Mesozoic era (130 mya) 4. origin of flowering plants • seeds with protective chambers, “ovaries”

  33. Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) • Better vascular system • Drought resistant • Of the division Magnoliophyta • Partnerships with other organisms

  34. Flowers Structure

  35. double fertilization of the egg and polar nuclei by the two sperm cells

  36. Stages of growth and development of the embryo

  37. Beetles • Probably first pollinators • One of the oldest species • Searching for food • Accidentally carried some pollen to next plant

  38. Grasses • Grasses developed a bit later • Returned to wind pollination • No need for color in fruit • Grew into new open lands • Fed the huge grazers of period

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