By James Kweku Eshun & Christian Kwesi Owusu Department of Geography & Regional Planning

1. GIS Approach in analyzing the Pattern of Road Accidents in Ghana: A Case Study in the Cape Coast Metropolitan Area By James Kweku Eshun & Christian Kwesi Owusu Department of Geography & Regional Planning University of Cape Coast

2. OVERVIEW Introduction/Problem Objectives Methods Results Conclusion & Recommendation

3. Introduction The introduction of the motor vehicle as a means of road transport worldwide has facilitated the easy movement of man from one place to the other. The movement of goods and services on spatial basis has also made easier and faster than ever and even much better in the subsequent generations to come. However, motor vehicle transport has also come with a high price in terms of lost of life, properties and socio-economic activities In the year 2001 alone, the country was rated the second highest road traffic accident prone among six (6) West African countries with 73 deaths per 10,000 accidents. From January to March 2003, Accra alone recorded about 1417 motor accidents involving 1225 vehicles (AFRICANEWS online – May 2003).

4. It has been estimated that over 300,000 persons die and 10,000,000 to 15,000,000 persons are injured every year in road accident throughout the world. Detailed analyses of global accident shows that fatality rate per licensed vehicles in developing countries are very high compared to industrial countries In Ghana, mechanical, human and environmental factors are being known as the causes of road accident in the country, most especially mechanical factor (Motor Transport and Traffic Union (MTTU) Annual Report 2004).

5. Records available indicates that in the year 2004 in the Cape Coast Metropolis, the number of accident cases reported were 1290 where death cases were 316 and injured cases were 1734 with 1667 vehicles involved in these accidents. In 2005, 1025 cases of accidents were reported out of which 208 deaths occurred and 1436 injuries reported at which 1375 vehicles were involved in accidents in the metropolis.

6. Road traffic accident has serious consequences on the nation’s economy, the casualties, families, friends as well as the society at large. The nation spent about 2% of the country’s Gross National Product (GNP) on medicals, funeral bills of casualties and repairs of damaged vehicles. This 2% of GNP amounted to 2.64 trillion cedis (US 330 million) - (NRSC, 2006). This potential labour loss is high in Ghana and the estimate of such losses by the technique of disability adjusted lost years (DALY) is about 9,000 for the city of Accra alone between 1991 and 1995 (Kissah – Korsah et al 2005). Finally, road traffic accident is responsible for large number of morbidity and mortality rate in Ghana. About 8,000 people die in road traffic accident every year (Abane, 2004). The question is where are those places of which road traffic Accidents is rampant?

7. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to map out black spots of road traffic accidents in Cape Coast Metropolis and Assess the classification and causes of road traffic accidents in Cape Coast Metropolis

8. STUDY AREA

9. METHOD DIGITAL ANCILLARY DATA Remote Sensing Data Shape Files Banded Themes DATA REQUIRED Road Map of Cape Coast (Cartography and GIS Unit, UCC) 2011 Road Accident Data from Police MTTU National Road Safety Commission (NRSC) in Cape Coast SECONDARY DATA 2011 Motor Accident Data Backup Data of Road Traffic Accident

10. Results

12. A

13. Road Accident Cases for 2011 Source: MTTU, (Cape Coast, 2012).

14. BLACK SPOTS Black spots are those areas which have recorded a very high frequency rate of road traffic accidents within specific period of time. For this analysis black sport are places or location where road traffic accidents had occurred on more than three (3) consecutive times The total number of cases is used to set a criterion for black spot locations in the Cape Coast metropolis. Eg. Pedu Junction (33/342*100% = 9.7 %) Black spot area within the metropolis: Pedu Junction (33) UCC East Gate (30) Moree Junction (22) Nkanfoa/Third Ridge (22) Yamoransa (21) Kotokuraba (20) Siwdu (18) Kingsway (15) Abura (15)

15. .

16. BLACK SPOT CONCENTRATION IN THE CAPE COAST METROPOLIS

17. NUMBER OF VEHICLES AND VEHICLE TYPES INVOLVED IN ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENT Source: MTTU (Cape Coast, 2012).

18. No. of Private Vehicles No. of Commercial Vehicles

19. CASUALTIES INVOLVED ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE CAPE COAST Casualty according to Road Safety Commission (NRSC 2006) refers to a crash resulting in injury, death or property damage and which involves at least one vehicle on a public road. Is also the resultant of any road traffic crash of which victims are either injured (serious and minor) or killed (fatal) within 30 days of the crash

20. Casualties involves in Road Traffic Accidents in Cape Coast Metropolis Source: MTTU (Cape Coast, 2012)

22. CASUALTIES INVOLVED ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN THE CAPE COAST METROPOLITAN AREA

24. MINOR INJURIES (76.8%)

25. Serious Injuries Involved in Road Traffic Accidents

26. Time that Road Traffic Accident happened in Cape Coast Time refers to the period in which an event occur. Geographers have a strong ideology that everything exist and happens in space and time. Time under this study is grouped into morning, Afternoon and evening

27. Time of Road Accident Morning – 108 (30.5%) Afternoon – 97 (27.5%) Evening – 148 (42%)

28. Causes and Classification of Road Traffic Accidents

29. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS A total of 9 black spots locations were identified which were comparatively competitive to each order. Most of the casualties recorded were minor injuries. Fatality rate in 2011 was relatively high compared to previous years where most of this casualty occurs at vantage junctions and corners of the roads in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Most of the vehicles involved in road traffic accidents were private vehicles Most road traffic accident happened in the evening. The most causes of RTA’s in the metropolis can be attributed to human factors. 54% increase in number of cases recorded between 2001 and 2011 (From 157 cases in 2001 to 342 cases in 2011).

30. CONCLUSION In all the total number of cases recorded for each road traffic accident variable has increased within a 10 year gap, that is from 2001 to 2011 irrespective of educational campaign, hence new strategies should be adpted

31. RECOMMENDATION Adequate and effective signs and road markings Mandatory for every driver in Ghana to go for an eye test, at least once every one year Make the use of speed cameras to capture, trap and punish drivers that speed on our trunk roads Sustained traffic safety campaign Coordinate, monitor and evaluate road safety activities, programmes and strategies Proper check up of all vehicles at DVLA for road worthy certificate Good roads and constant maintenance of roads

32. ANY QUESTIONS? THANK YOU

33. Yamoransa Junction (6) = 12 Pedu Junction (4)= 6 Nkanfoa/Third Ridge Junction (3)= 6 Moree Junction (2) = 4 UCC East Gate (2) = 4