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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. International Organization: The Alternative Structure. The Nature and Development of International Organization. Types of International Organizations. Function General Specialized Geographical Global Regional Intergovernmental or nongovernmental organizations.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 International Organization: The Alternative Structure

  2. The Nature and Development of International Organization

  3. Types of International Organizations • Function • General • Specialized • Geographical • Global • Regional • Intergovernmental or nongovernmental organizations

  4. The Roots of International Organization • Belief in a community of humankind • Developmental stages • League of Nations • United Nations • Big-power peacekeeping • UN Security Council • Functional cooperation • Wide range of specialized agencies: Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine (1815) is the oldest

  5. The Expansion of IGOs • Quantitative expansion and expansion of roles during this century

  6. Reasons for expansion • Increased international contact • Increased interdependence • Expansion of transnational problems • Failure of state-centered system to provide security • Effort of small states to gain strength through joint action • Successful role models

  7. Existing and Possible Roles of International Organizations

  8. Interactive arena, where nations pursue self-interest • Disadvantages of using IGO as an interactive arena • IGO becomes focus of struggle and not forum for cooperation • Reduced support for IGOs if they do not promote national interest, goals • Advantages of use of IGO as an interactive arena • Intergovernmentalism • Using IGO makes it politically easier to take action

  9. Creator and center of cooperation • Cooperation on specific issues, often nonpolitical • Seek to build trust and solve social and economic issues that transcend national borders • International regimes: Groups of IGOs, NGOs, norms of behavior, and treaties dealing with a common international issue • Create settings for interaction and cooperation

  10. Independent international actor • Permanent administrative IGO staff increases its authority and role • Role of mediation and conciliation • Organizational independence • Supranational organization

  11. Regional IGOs: Focus on the European Union

  12. The Origins and Evolution of the European Union

  13. Economic integration: A Common Market • European Economic Community (EEC) • European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) • European Community (EC)

  14. Political integration and expansion of membership • The European Union (EU) • Maastricht Treaty • Monetary integration • Common foreign and defense policy • Coordination of policy on social issues such as crime, terrorism, and immigration • Treaty of Amsterdam: further political and economic integration

  15. The Government of Europe: A Prototype • Political leadership • Council of Ministers (Council of the European Union): Weighted votes, sets policy • Bureaucracy • European Commission: Implements policy • President of the Commission • Legislative branch • European Parliament • Judicial branch • Courts of Justice, First Instance, Auditors • European Ombudsman

  16. The Future of the European Union • Duality about further integration; several determining factors • Popular support for EU integration • The EU Economy • Satisfaction with EU institutions • Political identity • Perceptions of Germany • Expanded membership

  17. Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations

  18. IGO organization and related issues: General membership • Controversy over admitting new members

  19. Representative bodies • Usually some plenary representative body (UN General Assembly) • Limited membership council (UN Security Council) • Advantages • Disadvantages

  20. Voting formulas • Majority vote: 1 state, 1 vote • Weighted voting by population or wealth • Negative voting • Unanimity requirement • Veto power

  21. Political leadership • Secretariat: Political selection considerations • Role: Activism versus restraint

  22. Bureaucracy • Size • Restraints on selection of Secretariat staff • Dominant powers make appointments • Geographic and gender composition of staff

  23. IGO Financing and Related Issues

  24. The UN budget: elements • Core budget • Peacekeeping budget • Voluntary contributions budget • Dependent on assessment with little power to raise support

  25. Budget crunch • Growing cost of operations • Size of bureaucracy • Unwillingness of member-countries to pay dues • U.S. debt cleared by Congress only recently • Criticism of assessment scheme: 8 countries pay 76 percent of costs

  26. IGO Activities and Related Issues

  27. Promoting international peace and security • Creating norms against violence • Providing a debate alternative • Diplomatic intervention • Inquiry • Good offices • Mediation • Arbitration • Adjudication

  28. Sanctions • Diplomatic • Economic

  29. Peacekeeping • Neutral buffers • Military intervention

  30. Arms control and disarmament

  31. Social, economic, environmental, and other roles • Economic development • Human rights • The environment • International law and norms • The quality of human existence • Independence

  32. Evaluating IGOs and Their Future • Standards • Ultimate goals • Progress • What is possible • Whether alternatives exist

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