Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation

1. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation Questions to be answered: • Why is it important to differentiate between company analysis and stock valuation? • What is the difference between a growth company and a growth stock? • How do we apply the two valuation approaches and the several valuation techniques to Walgreens?

2. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • What techniques are useful when estimating the inputs to alternative valuation models? • What techniques aid estimating company sales? • How do we estimate the profit margins and earnings per share for a company?

3. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • What factors are considered when estimating the earnings multiplier for a firm? • What two specific competitive strategies can a firm use to cope with the competitive environment in its industry?

4. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • In addition to the earnings multiplier, what are some other relative valuation ratios? • How do you apply the several present value of cash models to the valuation of a company? • What value-added measures are available to evaluate the performance of a firm?

5. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • How do we compute economic value-added (EVA), market value-added (MVA), and the franchise value for a firm? • What is the relationship between these value-added measures and changes in the market value of firms?

6. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • When should we consider selling a stock? • What is meant by a true growth company? • What is the relationship between positive EVA and a growth company?

7. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • Why is it inappropriate to use the standard dividend discount model to value a true growth company? • What is the difference between no growth, simple growth, and dynamic growth? • What is the growth duration model and what information does it provide when analyzing a true growth company and evaluating its stock?

8. Chapter 14 - Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • How can you use the growth duration model to derive an estimate of the P/E for a growth company? • What are some additional factors that should be considered when analyzing a company on a global basis?

9. Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • After analyzing the economy and stock markets for several countries, you have decided to invest some portion of your portfolio in common stocks • After analyzing various industries, you have identified those industries that appear to offer above-average risk-adjusted performance over your investment horizon • Which are the best companies? • Are they overpriced?

10. Company Analysis and Stock Valuation • Good companies are not necessarily good investments • Compare the intrinsic value of a stock to its market value • Stock of a great company may be overpriced • Stock of a growth company may not be growth stock

11. Growth Companies • Growth companies have historically been defined as companies that consistently experience above-average increases in sales and earnings • Financial theorists define a growth company as one with management and opportunities that yield rates of return greater than the firm’s required rate of return

12. Growth Stocks • Growth stocks are not necessarily shares in growth companies • A growth stock has a higher rate of return than other stocks with similar risk • Superior risk-adjusted rate of return occurs because of market undervaluation compared to other stocks

13. Defensive Companies and Stocks • Defensive companies’ future earnings are more likely to withstand an economic downturn • Low business risk • Not excessive financial risk • Stocks with low or negative systematic risk

14. Cyclical Companies and Stocks • Cyclical companies are those whose sales and earnings will be heavily influenced by aggregate business activity • Cyclical stocks are those that will experience changes in their rates of return greater than changes in overall market rates of return

15. Speculative Companies and Stocks • Speculative companies are those whose assets involve great risk but those that also have a possibility of great gain • Speculative stocks possess a high probability of low or negative rates of return and a low probability of normal or high rates of return

16. Value versus Growth Investing • Growth stocks will have positive earnings surprises and above-average risk adjusted rates of return because the stocks are undervalued • Value stocks appear to be undervalued for reasons besides earnings growth potential • Value stocks usually have low P/E ratio or low ratios of price to book value

17. Economic, Industry, and Structural Links to Company Analysis • Company analysis is the final step in the top-down approach to investing • Macroeconomic analysis identifies industries expected to offer attractive returns in the expected future environment • Analysis of firms in selected industries concentrates on a stock’s intrinsic value based on growth and risk

18. Economic and Industry Influences • If trends are favorable for an industry, the company analysis should focus on firms in that industry that are positioned to benefit from the economic trends • Firms with sales or earnings particularly sensitive to macroeconomic variables should also be considered • Research analysts need to be familiar with the cash flow and risk of the firms

19. Structural Influences • Social trends, technology, political, and regulatory influences can have significant influence on firms • Early stages in an industry’s life cycle see changes in technology which followers may imitate and benefit from • Politics and regulatory events can create opportunities even when economic influences are weak

20. Company Analysis • Industry competitive environment • SWOT analysis • Present value of cash flows • Relative valuation ratio techniques

21. Competitive Forces • Current rivalry • Threat of new entrants • Potential substitutes • Bargaining power of suppliers • Bargaining power of buyers

22. Firm Competitive Strategies • Defensive strategy involves positioning firm so that it its capabilities provide the best means to deflect the effect of competitive forces in the industry • Offensive strategy involves using the company’s strength to affect the competitive industry forces, thus improving the firm’s relative industry position • Porter suggests two major strategies: low-cost leadership and differentiation

23. Porter's Competitive Strategies • Low-Cost Strategy • The firm seeks to be the low-cost producer, and hence the cost leader in its industry • Differentiation Strategy • firm positions itself as unique in the industry

24. Focusing a Strategy • Select segments in the industry • Tailor strategy to serve those specific groups • Determine which strategy a firm is pursuing and its success • Evaluate the firm’s competitive strategy over time

25. SWOT Analysis • Examination of a firm’s: • Strengths • Weaknesses • Opportunities • Threats

26. SWOT Analysis • Examination of a firm’s: • Strengths • Weaknesses • Opportunities • Threats INTERNAL ANALYSIS

27. SWOT Analysis • Examination of a firm’s: • Strengths • Weaknesses • Opportunities • Threats EXTERNAL ANALYSIS

28. Some Lessons from Peter Lynch Favorable Attributes of Firms 1. Firm’s product should not be faddish 2. Firm should have some long-run comparative advantage over its rivals 3. Firm’s industry or product has market stability 4. Firm can benefit from cost reductions 5. Firms that buy back shares show there are putting money into the firm

29. Business Tenets Management Tenets Financial Tenets Market Tenets Tenets of Warren Buffet

30. Is the business simple and understandable? Does the business have a consistent operating history? Does the business have favorable long-term prospects? Business Tenets

31. Is management rational? Is management candid with with its shareholders? Does management resist the institutional imperative? Management Tenets

32. Focus on return on equity, not earnings per share Calculate “owner earnings” Look for companies with high profit margins For every dollar retained, make sure the company has created at least one dollar of market value Financial Tenets

33. What is the value of the business? Can the business be purchased at a significant discount to its fundamental intrinsic value? Market Tenets

34. Estimating Intrinsic Value A. Present value of cash flows (PVCF) • 1. Present value of dividends (DDM) • 2. Present value of free cash flow to equity (FCFE) • 3. Present value of free cash flow (FCFF) B. Relative valuation techniques • 1. Price earnings ratio (P/E) • 2. Price cash flow ratios (P/CF) • 3. Price book value ratios (P/BV) • 4. Price sales ratio (P/S)

35. Present Value of Dividends • Simplifying assumptions help in estimating present value of future dividends • Assumption of constant growth rate Intrinsic Value = D1/(k-g) D1= D0(1+g)

36. Growth Rate Estimates • Average Dividend Growth Rate

37. Growth Rate Estimates • Average Dividend Growth Rate • Sustainable Growth Rate = RR X ROE

38. Required Rate of Return Estimate • Nominal risk-free interest rate • Risk premium • Market-based risk estimated from the firm’s characteristic line using regression

39. Required Rate of Return Estimate • Nominal risk-free interest rate • Risk premium • Market-based risk estimated from the firm’s characteristic line using regression

40. The Present Value of Dividends Model (DDM) • Model requires k>g • With g>k, analyst must use multi-stage model

41. Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity FCFE = Net Income + Depreciation Expense - Capital Expenditures - D in Working Capital - Principal Debt Repayments + New Debt Issues

42. Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity FCFE = Net Income + Depreciation Expense - Capital Expenditures - D in Working Capital - Principal Debt Repayments + New Debt Issues

43. Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity FCFE = the expected free cash flow in period 1 k = the required rate of return on equity for the firm gFCFE = the expected constant growth rate of free cash flow to equity for the firm

44. Present Value of Operating Free Cash Flow Discount the firm’s operating free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) at the firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) rather than its cost of equity FCFF = EBIT (1-Tax Rate) + Depreciation Expense - Capital Spending -  in Working Capital -  in other assets

45. Present Value of Operating Free Cash Flow

46. Present Value of Operating Free Cash Flow Where: FCFF1 = the free cash flow in period 1 Oper. FCF1 = the firm’s operating free cash flow in period 1 WACC = the firm’s weighted average cost of capital gFCFF = the firm’s constant infinite growth rate of free cash flow gOFCF = the constant infinite growth rate of operating free cash flow

47. An Alternate Measure of Growth g = (RR)(ROIC) where: • RR = the average retention rate • ROIC = EBIT (1-Tax Rate)/Total Capital

48. Calculation of WACC WACC = WEk + Wdi

49. Calculation of WACC WACC = WEk + Wdi where: WE = the proportion of equity in total capital k = the after-tax cost of equity (from the SML) WD = the proportion of debt in total capital i = the after-tax cost of debt

50. Relative Valuation Ratio Techniques • Price Earnings Ratio