Unit 9 Review

1. Unit 9 Review By: Stephanie Sciturro-Smith

2. Popular Culture of 1975-1990 • Sports: • 1. American Football • 2. Alpine Skiing • 3. Aquatics • 4. Golf • 5. Badminton • Fashion: • 1. Overalls • 2. Disco Dresses • 3. Straight or flared leg trousers • 4. Short jackets • 5. Spandex shorts • Fad’s: • 1. Pet rock • 2. 8 track tapes • 3. Big teased hair • 4. The Macarena • 5. Pokémon

3. Popular Culture of 1975-1990 (continued) • Toys: • 1. Fisher price bowling • 2. Molly Moo Cow • 3. Musical baby Ann Doll • 4. Pocket Camera • 5. Snap lock beads • Arts: • 1. Rossellini’s The Messiah • 2. Andy Warhol’s Chairman Mao • 3. Joan Miro’sCantic Del Sol • 4. KarinePercheron-Daniels ‘ The Last Supper • 5.Takanobu Kobayashi’s Dog • Music: • 1. John Denver- Leaving on a Jet Plane • 2. Tony Orlando-Mornin Beautiful • 3. Madonna- Strike a Pose • 4. MC Hammer- Can’t Touch This • 5. Billy Joel- I Go to Extremes

4. Chart Pg. 1008

5. WaterGATE • Vietnam War is still going on during all of this • Richard Nixon is running for reelection • Elected for 2 terms in office 68 and 72 • Long political carrier in office • Checkers speech • Bugging the National Democratic head quarters May 28th, 1972 in the Watergate office building • Who hired these people to do it? • Approved by Nixon’s reelection said it was C.R.E.E.P • What were the crimes of Watergate? • Breaking into the DNC • Illegal campaign corporations • Bugging Daniel Ellsberg’s psychiatric office • One of the defense departments, architect for the policy in Vietnam, realizes he is wrong, cracks up and sees a psychiatrist, regroups and steals papers about Vietnam from the pentagon and has them published, Nixon tries to discredit him by breaking into his office and get papers on him saying he is crazy, but they get caught. • His book was called the Pentagon Papers- show through documents the lies of Vietnam

6. Watergate (Continued) Crimes Continued: • Lying under oath about knowing any or all of this information • The Watergate investigation held congressional hearings looking for the truth- at first everyone lied, including the closest advisors to the president, then burglars get convicted and it is shown that they are all lying and start getting inedited • Watergate Tapes- Richard Nixon tapes every conversation in the oval office so he can write them in his memoir, and the people want his tapes. Nixon declares executive privilege and that he does not have to produce the tapes because of national security. He finally transcribes them and blacks out everything about National Security, but instead Nixon blacks out everything but “the, and or swear words” and the court says hand over the tapes, but 18 minutes was erased on one tape and they know he said it. Nixon blows it off and the advisors who were also liars say he’s a liar for 2 years. Nixon is supposed to be impeached. • Was he impeached? • No, in July 30th, 1974 the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives votes to bring articles of impeachment to the house floor, before this can happen the president resigns August 9th, 1974. • Pardon of Nixon by Gerald R. Ford- Ford is V.P. and tells the people that he is going to Pardon Nixon as many times as it takes • We are such in a bad state that they should forget about it and move on • Denying any knowledge of the cover up of all this information • Illegal bribes

7. VOCABULARY • Inflation- When the value of a dollar is decreased or lost • Embargo- Ban on trade made by the Government • Stagflation- inflation including a stagnant consumer demand and increased unemployment • Camp David Accords- President Carters peace treaty between Israel and Egypt that helped to achieve peace in the Middle East in 1978; many Middle Eastern countries opposed this • Sunbelt- industrial region that developed in the South of California during WWII • Moral Majority- A movement that made ministers register new voters who supported the conservative candidates • Supply Side Economics- A economic theory that lowered taxes for individuals and corporations, which created higher tax revenue • Mujahedeen- A person fighting for freedom; it consisted of Afghan opposition groups that rebelled against the pro-Soviet Democratic of Afghanistan. • Iran-Contra Scandal-when the U.S. during Reagan’s administration agreed to send arms to Iran starting an arms embargo • SDI- The Strategic Defensive Initiative was created my President Reagan to use ground and space-based systems to protect the U.S. from attacks of nuclear ballistic missiles • Yuppie- A young urban professional, referring to a financially secure upper middle class person between the ages twenty to thirty • Challenger- NASA’s second space shuttle orbiter to be in service; it survived nine mission, but blasted a part right after killing the whole crew. This incident forced NASA to change the shuttles parts to single pieced parts, which were meant for the Challenger Shuttle in the first place. • Rainbow Coalition- non-profit organization founded by Jesse Jackson; it pursues social justice, civil rights, and political activism • Tiananmen Square-In 1989 a group of students and workers showed demonstrations about democracy, but later on the government destroyed them in the Tiananmen Square • Downsizing- Laying off Employees in order to reduce the companies size • Silicon Valley- The time when San Francisco companies were making many silicon chips

8. Vocabulary continued • Glasnost- A policy by the soviets that permitted discussion of political and social problems • Perestroika- Russian word for political and economic reforms by the Soviet leader Grobachev. It also means reconstruction. It was argued to be the fall of communist political forces at the end of the Cold War. • Stone Wall Riots- A Inn was raided by police officers because it was for the gay community; and this was the start of the homosexual activist movements to make the world accept homosexuality more • AARP-The American Association of Retired Persons, which was created in 1985 opposing cuts in Social Security or Medicare for senior citizens because they were influential in voting

9. SPEECH • “I'm speaking to you tonight to give you a report on the state of our Nation's economy. I regret to say that we're in the worst economic mess since the Great Depression. The Federal budget is out of control, and we face runaway deficits of almost $80 billion for this budget year that ends September 30th. That deficit is larger than the entire Federal budget in 1957, and so is the almost $80 billion we will pay in interest this year on the national debt. Twenty years ago, in 1960, our Federal Government payroll was less than $13 billion. Today it is 75 billion. During these 20 years our population has only increased by 23.3 percent. The Federal budget has gone up 528 percent. Today this once great industrial giant of ours has the lowest rate of gain in productivity of virtually all the industrial nations with whom we must compete in the world market. We can't even hold our own market here in America against foreign automobiles, steel, and a number of other products. Japanese production of automobiles is almost twice as great per worker as it is in America. Japanese steelworkers out produce their American counterparts by about 25 percent. Now, we've just had 2 years of back-to-back double-digit inflation -- 13.3 percent in 1979, 12.4 percent last year. The last time this happened was in World War I. In 1960 mortgage interest rates averaged about 6 percent. They're 2\1/2\ times as high now, 15.4 percent. The percentage of your earnings the Federal Government took in taxes in 1960 has almost doubled. And finally there are 7 million Americans caught up in the personal indignity and human tragedy of unemployment. If they stood in a line, allowing 3 feet for each person, the line would reach from the coast of Maine to California. We can leave our children with an unrepayable massive debt and a shattered economy, or we can leave them liberty in a land where every individual has the opportunity to be whatever God intended us to be. All it takes is a little common sense and recognition of our own ability. Together we can forge a new beginning for America.” -President Ronald Reagan

10. Speech continued • This speech discusses the economic crisis that the world was in when President Reagan was in office. It is described as a time just as worse as the Great Depression. The purpose of the speech is to inform the world of its economic standings at the time. The speech reviews that the budgets are down and the nation is in debt. As the population is increasing it is harder to feed all those hands and productivity isn’t holding up against foreign countries such as Japan. Also Inflation has doubled causing taxes to increase and the amount of jobless people has increased. If the world is left with a huge debt, that debt is going to passed down to the next generation and they will struggle even more. The people must leave the next generations not with this debt but liberty to be whatever they want to be. America must start over and begin fresh.

11. Reagan’s policies and ideas • Foreign Policy: Peace through strength, relations with the Soviet Union, and a end to the Cold War

12. CARTER’S POLICIES AND IDEAS • Foreign Policy: Sought to modify what national security advisor Brzezinski called the United States “ hysterical preoccupations” with the containment of communism in corporation the notion of human rights

13. 70’S POP/ FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC AFFAIRS • 70’s Pop Culture: • Saturday Night Live • Brady Bunch ( 2 different family coming together, 3 boys and 3 girls) • Star Wars was a movie and a space program (good and evil) • Jaws was a movie ( afraid to go to the beaches) • Pet rock ( $4.00, name them and they didn’t have to care for them) • 1st Earth day celebration • 1971 Ads for Cigarettes banned • Mood Rings ( tells how you feel, without having to tell people) • College students cramming themselves in telephone booths ( to be goofy and stupid) • Shag Rugs ( got a rake with it so you could rake it and it will look fresh) • Micro-processers come into calculators • Personal Computer was invented in 1976 by Steven Jobs and Steven Wozinak • Walt Disney World opens in Orlando 1971 • Life expectancy for a man is : 67 and for a women: 74 • Richard Nixon is first president to go to China after their Communist Revolution, proceeded by the ping pong team opening the doors of discussion

14. 70’S POP/ FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC AFFAIRS CONTINUED • Major Events in the 70’s: • Munich Massacre- 1972, summer Olympics, Israeli wrestling team was attacked and killed by Palestinians. During the rescue attempt all the hostages were killed and all but three of the hostage takers. Israeli’s hunted down the remainder and kills them. 11 athletes taken out of their rooms at gun point as a response to the Palestinians hating the Israeli’s. • New Music Called Punk Rock- designed to insult all the glitzy rock and roll bands. • Patty Hearst- kidnapped by a terrorist group, started to side with the terrorists. Hence the Stockholm syndrome. She joined her captures with bank robberies and she was arrested. When she got out she married a cop. • Love Canal- Niagra Falls, NY; an environmental disaster buried under a suburban neighborhood made everyone sick and in a massive lawsuit the government started a policy called the super fund, which holds polluters accountable for their damage. • 3 mile island- Southern Pennsylvania a nuclear reactor started to melt down and was barely stopped before it exploded the entire land. • New Age Religion- Scientology Eastern religions, Christian; different answers for religious questions; not bible based; self exploration • Disco Music- Dancing and instruments; its own dance beat; hated by many people that they used to collect disco records and blow them up.

15. THE 1980’S • Boycott summer Olympic games: they are held in the soviet union, we don’t go bc we are upset that they invaded Afghanistan • Hostage taking in Iran: u.s. embassy was taken over by a young anti-american in protest of our taking of the shah of Iran for medical attention • Shah of Iran (our dictator): he was ruthless but he had a capital government and we kept him in power in order to get money • Hostages held until the shah was sent back (held for 444 days) • We send covert teams in helicopter to rescue hostages and they run into each other • Iran-Contra Scandal: our country took money designated to go to fight Iran and sent it to the Contras in Nicaragua so they could fight the Sandinistas (communists), done in an illegal manner (congress approved money for iran, not Nicaragua). Oliver North took full blame. Reagan earns nickname: Teflon President, nothing sticks

16. THE 1980’S CONTINUED • Invasion of panama: “Operation Just Cause”, we invaded panama because we considered their president (Noriega) a drug lord and a criminal, invaded to topple his government and make a better one. • Grenada: we invaded to protect American lives on the island and to fight Communists trying to take over the government; American medical students were there and we did not want them to get caught up in a communist take over • Mt. St. Helens: erupts!!!!! In Washington State, killed 57 people. Equivalent to a blast 500 x stronger than our WWII atomic bomb • Small Things that Changed America: Gnarly, rad, dweeb, airhead, couch potato, like you know, grodey • CDs!!!!! • Rubics cube • MTV • Michael Jackson • E.T. • Ninja Turtles • Indiana Johns • 3D glasses • Pete Rose got suspended (bet on his own team) • Michael Jordan • Kareem Abdul Jabar • Carol Louis (get his track gold medal taken away for steroids) • In-line skates • World Wide Web • MRI machine • AIDS • Artificial heart

17. The 1980’s • Sandra Day O’Connor: first female Supreme Court justice • AT&T must break up: only one company, government made them break up so there is competition • Period of Extreme Conservatism- nation is tiered of saving the world and wants to celebrate Christianity

18. TEXT QUESTIONS PG 984 • 5. How did Christian Evangelists contribute to the growth of conservative national identity? • By having their own television networks that reached out nationwide. Also they were considered to be televangelists which led the way to the Moral Majority where they could register people to vote who supported conservative candidates and issues. This helped with the growing of conservative identity nation wide because the ministers were branching out and bringing people in with their television shows and power to register voters for this cause.

19. Text questions pg984 continued • Conservative Beliefs:

20. Text questions pg 984 continued 7. The impact of the migration patterns on the representation in the U.S. House of Representatives would be do to? -As the population growing in the sunbelt states the more representatives would have to be located in the southern half of the United States. More people moved south because the taxes were low, but since more and more people started to migrate to these states the taxes would level out with the northern states forcing the House of Representatives to have higher tax and threatening regulations

21. Text Questions pg 999 • 4. What were some of the New innovations of the space program in the 1980’s? • - Reusable Space shuttle • - Space Stations, where astronauts could live in space for long periods of time to do research 5. Changes in Entertainment:

22. Text questions pg 1006 • 5. The U.S. and its Western allies finally achieved victory in the Cold War by? • By cooperation with Gorbachev’s glasnost, or openness, which spread to eastern Europe. Glasnost made it possible to bulldoze the Berlin wall down and unite East and West Germany. The two sides were no longer split by the iron curtain, but intertwined and at peace. • 7. Which nations have large oil sources? • Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Saudi Arabia

23. Foreign policy • FORD: • Fords Policy and Ideas were focused on the nation’s interests. Before he became president his ideas were focused on political civility and bi-partnerships. He was very good at addressing these issues. He was committed to start back up with a progressive route. He was an honest person sharing what he thought about the War in Iraq. He stated that we should never have fought it, because we have already lost. He also focused that the nation needs to be of good health and not of poor. • He created an Ideas Primary, which discussed: Keeping America safe, giving America the tools to compete, holding government accountable for results, creating the hybrid energy economy, Making America the most pro-family country on earth, and ending poverty for all who work. He chose these because of Busch’s administration did a poor job in his eyes. • Education for All Handicapped Children Act: Required all Public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access education for children with both mental and physical disabilities. The schools evaluated the disabled children and created learning plans that were as close as they could to what non-handicapped students were learning. • Whip Inflation Now: An attempt to achieve a grassroots movement to destroy inflation.It encouraged people to save and not spend as much as they usually do. People who supported this wore pins that said WIN on them.

24. FOREIGN POLICY CONTINUED • CARTER: • United States Department of Education: A cabinet level department of the U.S. government. It consisted of the Department of Education Organization Act, which divided the Department of Health, Welfare, and Education into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services. • Energy Policy- he stated that it would be a moral equivalent of war, but will be uniting efforts not destroying them. In 1973 the lack of energy was at its worst point in time. Focused on the issue of running out of oil and gas to where we needed to conserve it.

25. FOREIGN POLICY CONTINUED • REAGAN • Reaganomics- Supply side economics focusing on huge tax cuts, encouraging people to become entrepreneurs to limit the growth of social spending and reduce inflation. It had a strong recovery and helped Reagan to win re-election. • Tax Cuts- affected the U.S by doubling the federal revenue, income tax increased, and the federal revenues only declined slowly after that. The tax cuts did not necessarily help, but in fact they drained the treasury.

26. EXTRA CREDIT (DIFFRENCES BETWEEN THE 1960’s and 1980’s

27. References Appleby, J., Brinkley, A., Broussard, A., McPherson, J., & Ritchie, D. (2005). The American Vision. New York, NY. The McGraw- Hill “1975 Sports”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 23 March, 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_sports>. “1990 Sports”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 23 March, 2010.< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_sports>. “1975 Fashion”. Retrieved 23 March, 2010. < http://www.paperpast.com/html/1975_fashion.html>. “1990 Fashion”. Retrieved 23 March, 2010. <http://www.buzzle.com/articles/1990s-fashion- trends.html>. “1975 Fad’s”. Retrieved 23 March, 2010. <http://www.super70s.com/super70s/culture/fads/pet_rocks.asp>. “1975 Fad’s”. Retrieved 23 March, 2010. <http://ehhs1975.blogspot.com/2006/03/1970s-fads-fashions-and-other-faux-pas.html>. “1990 Fad’s”. Retrieved 23 March, 2010. <http://www.crazyfads.com/90s.htm>. “1975 and 1990 Toys”. Retrieved 24 March, 2010. <http://www.thisoldtoy.com/L_FP_Set/T_year- 1975.html>.

28. REFERENCES (CONTINUED) “1975 Art”. Retrieved 24 March, 2010. <http://www.cheap-posters.co.uk/arts-crafts/chairman-mao-1975-art-print-poster-by-andy-warhol-68cm-x-83cm-for-just-a40-00-at-artrepublic/>. “1975 Art”. Retrieved 24 March, 2010. <http://www.easyart.com/art-prints/Joan-Miro/Cantic-del-sol,-1975-33190.html>. “1975 Art”. Retrieved 24 March, 2010. <http://artsandfaith.com/index.php?showtopic=470>. 1990 Art”. Retrieved 24 March, 2010. <http://fineartamerica.com/watermark.html?id=563845>. “Painting’s of the 1990’s”. Retrieved 24 March, 2010. <http://www.artmonthly.org.au/images/artnotes/192_Asia_n.jpg>. “1975 Music”. Retrieved 24 March 2010. <http://www.rateitall.com/t-19928-top-10-artists-of-1975-vs-top-10-artists-of-1979.aspx>. “1990 Music”. Retrieved 24 March, 2010. <http://www.mtv.com/music/yearbook/index.jhtml?contentId=1535942>.

29. Resources continued • “Dictionary.com”. Retrieved 14 April, 2010. <http://www.Dictionary.com>. • “Silicon Valley”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14, 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_valley>. • “Challenger Space Shuttle.”Wikipedia. Retrieved 14, 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger>. • “Yuppie”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April, 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie>. • “SDI”. Wikipedia .Retrieved 14 April, 2010. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative>. • “Iran-Contra Scandal”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April, 2010. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran- Contra_scandal>. • “Rainbow Coalition”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April, 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow/PUSH>. • “Muhejadeen”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April, 2010. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhajadeen>. • “Perestroika”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April, 2010. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika>. • “ Reagan Speech”. Retrieved 26 April, 2010. <http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1981/20581c.htm>. • “Reagan’s Foreign Policy”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 25 April, 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration>. • “Carter’s Foreign Policy”. Retrieved 25 April, 2010. <http://everthing2.com/title/Jimmy+Carter%2527s+Foreign+Policy>.

30. REFERENCES CONTINUED • “President Ford’s Policies and Ideas”. Retrieved 16 April, 2010. <http://www.archives.gov/press/press- releases/07/ford-tribute-letter.html>. • “President Ford’s Policies and Ideas”, Retrieved 16 April, 2010. <http://www.dlc.org/ndol_ci.cfm?kaid=131&sub id=192&contentid=254231>. • “Education for All Handicapped Children Act”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 16 April, 2010.< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_for_All _Handicapped_Children_Act> • “Whip Inflation Now”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 16 April, 2010.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip_inflat ion_now>.

31. References continued • “US Department of Education” .Wikipedia. Retrieved 16 April, 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_depar tment_of_education>. • “Carters Energy Policy”. Retrieved 21 April, 2010.<http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ carter/filmmore/ps_energy.html>. • “Reagan’s Policies”. Wikipedia. Retrieved 21 April,2010.<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr esidency_of_Ronald_Reagan>. • “Reagan’s Policies”. Retrieved 21 April, 2010. <http://www.heritage.org/Research/Report s/2001/03/The-Real-Reagan-Economic- Record>