From Research to Practice : A Collaborative Approach to Prevention through Design

1. From Research to Practice:A Collaborative Approach to Prevention through Design • John Gambatese • School of Civil and Construction Engineering • Oregon State University • 20th Annual Willis Construction Risk Management Conference • Plano, TX • September 16-17, 2014

2. Safety Headline Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998

3. Safety Headline: Caring Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 31, 1998

4. Safety Headline: Taking action Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998

5. Safety Headline: Results Source: Las Vegas Sun, December 29, 1998

6. Why do accidents (still) occur? Source: Construction Industry Institute, “Making Zero Accidents a Reality,” EM160-21, 2006

7. Safety Performance of Construction Industry • Why do some companies perform better than others? Source: Construction Industry Institute, Austin, TX, 2013

8. Models of Accident Causation Planning Design Construction Inspection Source: Reason, J., “Human Error: Models and Management.” British Medical Journal, Vol. 320, 768-770, March 2000

9. Accident and Risk Pictures Source: Hale, A., “Construction Safety Management: Do we know what works?” CIB W099 Construction Safety Conference, Lund, Sweden, June 2-3, 2014.

10. System Failures Active failures: Unsafe acts committed by people who are in direct contact with the system. Latent failures: Inevitable “resident pathogens” within the system. “Risk reduction recommendations … are shifting slightly to include additional higher-order controls.” However, the “results suggest that safety professionals may be stuck in an administrative control rut, fixated on identifying single causes close to the work operation.” Source: Behm, M. and Powell, D. (2014). “Problem Solving: Are Higher-Order Controls Ignored?” ASSE Professional Safety, Feb. 2014, pp. 34-40.

11. Originating Influences (Client, industry, design, safety culture) Accident Influences • Hierarchy of influences in construction accidents • Loughborough ConCA Model • Safety Culture • “The organizational principles, norms, commitments, and values related to the operation of safety and health” (NORA 2008) Shaping Factors (Project, worker) Immediate Accident Circumstances Accident Sources: Gibb et al., Civil Engineering, ICE, London, 2006. “National Construction Agenda for Occupational Safety and Health Research and Practice in the U.S. Construction Sector.” NORA Construction Sector Council.

12. Designing a Safety Program • How to further reduce the number of injuries and fatalities on projects? • Suggestions from current research…… Source: Hagan, P.E., Montgomery, J.F., and O'Reilly, J.T. (2009). “Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry: Engineering & Technology.” Itasca, IL, National Safety Council.

13. Designing a Safety Program • A starting point……Hierarchy of Controls Elimination Eliminate the hazard during design High Substitution Substitute a less-hazardous material or form during design Reliability of the Control Engineering Controls “Design-in” engineering controls, Incorporate warning systems Prevention through Design (PtD) Administrative Controls Well-designed work methods & organization PPE Available, effective, easy to use Low

14. Designing a Safety Program • Balancing priorities • Axioms (self-evident truths that require no proof) of safety? (Graphic courtesy of Bechtel Corp.) Source: Heinrich, H.W. (1931). “Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach”

15. Design of Constructor’s Safety Program “Making Zero Accidents a Reality” – Safety Management Best Practices: • Demonstrated management commitment • Staffing for safety • Safety planning – pre-project/pre-task planning • Safety training and education • Worker involvement and participation • Recognition and rewards (Caution!) • Subcontractor management • Accident/incident reporting and investigation • Drug and alcohol testing Source: Construction Industry Institute, “Safety Plus: Making Zero Accidents a Reality,” Research Summary 160-1

16. SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Actions Decision A Focus on Workers: Situational Awareness (SA) State of the environment Feedback • A motivated, active, and continuous extraction of information from an environment and the ability to use knowledge to anticipate trajectories and act effectively (Artman 2000). Level I: Detection Level II: Comprehension Level III: Projection Environmental awareness Risk perception Analysis under uncertainty Sources: Artman, H. (2000). “Team Situation Assessment and Information Distribution.” Ergonomics, 43(8), 1111-1128. Hallowell, M. (2013). “Human Factors Engineering: Situational Awareness and Signal Detection Theory.”

17. Designer Involvement: “Prevention through Design” “Addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work-related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” (www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/) Prevention through Design (PtD) = “Safety Constructability”

18. Why Prevention through Design (PtD)? 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA related to design1 42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 related to design1 60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began2 63% of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to design decisions or lack of planning3 1 Behm, M., “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Constr. Safety Concept” (2005) 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions 3 NSW WorkCover, CHAIR Safety in Design Tool, 2001

19. Barriers to PtD Implementation No or minimal construction safety in designer education and training Competing priorities (e.g., safety vs. cost/schedule) Lack of knowledge of how to design for safety Unclear authority and responsibility for PtD Difficult for assess risks during design Contractual separation of design and construction Cost/time required to implement PtD Fear of increased liability

20. Enablers of PtD Implementation A committed owner/client Positive safety culture Design engineer experience and training Construction and safety Integrated project delivery methods Design/construction visualization tools

21. Design and Construction Integration Source: Everett, J.G. and Slocum, A.H. (1994). “Automation and Robotics Opportunities: Construction versus Manufacturing.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, Vol. 120, No. 2, pp. 443-452. Integrated production system similar to manufacturing industry Design of the process coincident with design of the product

22. What are the impacts of PtD on projects? Survey of design and construction professionals in the UK: Change as a result of implementing PtD (% of respondents) Source: NIOSH PtD in the UK study, 2010

23. PtD Example – Steel Design Bechtel’s steel design process PtD elements: Temporary access platforms Lifting lugs Shop installed vertical brace ladders Bolt-on column ladders and work platforms

24. Temporary ladder, platform, and safety line Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.

25. Modular Platforms Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.

26. Brace Lifting Clips and Rungs Photos courtesy of Bechtel Corp.

27. PtD Example – Prefabrication and Modularization Photos courtesy of URS/Washington Division

28. PtD as a National and International Initiative • NIOSH PtD National Initiative • NORA Construction Sector Council CHPtD Workgroup • OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable • ANSI/ASSE PtD Standard Z590.3-2011 • U.K.: Construction (Design and Management) Regulations • Singapore: Design for Safety Pledge, 2012 • Other EU countries, Australia, South Africa, and more

29. PtD in Planning and Design

30. Example PtD Program The Haskell Co.: “Safety Alert System” (SAS) Designer safety education, training, awareness Safety reviews during design All disciplines Identify hazards Incorporate safety suggestions into design Safety symbols on design drawings Alert constructors to safety hazards Include reference to related OSHA standards

31. Establish design for safety expectations • Include construction and operation perspective • Identify design for safety process and tools Design Kickoff Internal Review External Review Issue for Construction Design Trade contractor involvement • QA/QC • Cross-discipline review • Focused safety review • Owner review PtD Process – Detailed Design Source: Hecker et al., 2005

32. PtD Tools – Databases and Checklists • www.construction-institute.org

33. PtD Tools – Databases and Checklists • www.safetyindesign.org

34. PtD Tools – Databases and Checklists • www.dbp.org.uk

35. PtD Tools – Visualization, 4D CAD, BIM

36. PtD Tools – Design Risk Assessment Which is safer to build? How much safer? Steel-framed building Concrete-framed building www.constructionsliderule.org

37. SliDeRulE Website

38. SliDeRulE Website

39. SliDeRulE Website

40. Design Option Evaluation Multi-criteria Alternative Analysis Tools Source: Intel Corporation, Lifecycle Safety Process

41. PtD Design Review • Hazard identification • What construction safety hazards does the design create? • Risk assessment • What is the level of safety and health risk associated with each hazard? • Design option identification and selection • What can be done to eliminate or reduce the hazards? • Remember the hierarchy of controls……

42. PtD Design Review: Energy Mnemonics • A condition or action that has the potential for an unplanned release of, or unwanted contact with, an energy source that may result in harm or injury to people, property, or the environment “Follow the Energy” Source: Fleming, M.A. (2009). “Hazard Recognition.” By Design, American Society of Safety Engineers. Construction Industry Institute, “Strategies for Improving Hazard Recognition,” Research Summary 293-1, July 2013.

43. PtD Design Review: Guidewords Dimensions Size, weight, height, depth, shape, clearance Actions/Interactions Access, support, sequence, placement, connection, human-machine interface Position Orientation, location Surroundings Perimeters, openings, surfaces (coatings), obstructions

44. Dimensions: Size/Weight

45. Dimensions: Height/Depth

46. Dimensions: Shape Source: “Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety,” National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America

47. Actions/Interactions: Access

48. Erector Friendly Column Holes at 21” and 42” above floor levels for guardrail cables Holes at high locations for fall protection tie-offs Column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floor Seats for beam connections Actions/Interactions: Connection Source: “Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety,” National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America

49. Actions/Interactions: Machine-user Interface Source: Construction Industry Institute, “Real-time Pro-active Safety in Construction,” safety training course

50. Position: Ergonomics